non aqueous titration

CONTENTS
General information*
EXAMPLES OFNON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS*
APPLICATIONSOF NON AQUEOUS TITRATIONS*
Advantages of non-aqueous titration *
Indicators for Non-Aqueous Titrations*
DETERMINING END POINT*

Muhammad ali
Zainab abdulsalam
Vereena medhat

2015251
2015260
2015254

General information
Nonaqueous titrationis thetitrationof substances
dissolved insolventsother than water. It is the most common
titrimetric procedure used inpharmacopoeiaassaysand
serves a double purpose: it is suitable for the titration of very
weakacidsand very weakbases, and it provides asolventin
.whichorganic compoundsaresoluble
The most commonly used procedure is the titration oforganic
baseswithperchloric acidinanhydrousacetic acid. These
assays sometimes take some perfecting in terms of being
.able to judge theendpoint precisely
For obvious reasonsKarl Fischer titrationfor water content is
nonaqueous, usually done inmethanolor sometimes
inethanol

SOME EXAMPLES OFNON:AQUEOUS SOLVENTS

Glacial Ethanoic Acid:Glacial ethanoic acid is the most frequently
used non-aqueous solvent.Before it is used it is advisable to check
.the water content. This may be between 0.1% and 1.0%
Dimethylformamide:Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a protophillic
solvent, which is frequentlyemployed for titrations between, for
instance, benzoic acid and amides, although end points
.maysometimes be difficult to obtain
Acetonitrile:Acetonitrile (methyl cyanide, cyanomethane) is
frequently used with other solvents suchas chloroform and phenol
and especially with ethanoic acid. It enables very sharp end points
to beobtained in the titration of metal ethanoates when titrated with
perchloric acid

APPLICATIONSOF NON

AQUEOUS TITRATIONS
Although indicators may be used to establish
individual end points, as in traditional acidbasetitrations, potentiometric methods of end
point detection are also used extensively,
especially forhighly coloured solutions. Non
aqueous titration have been used to quantify
the mixtures of primary,secondary and tertiary
amines, for studying sulphonamides, mixture
of purines and for many otherorganic amino
compounds and salts of organic acid. And also
it is used for the titration of Halogenacid salts
of weak bases

Advantages of non-aqueous
:titration
Organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water are soluble in ) 1
.non-aqueous solvent
Organic acid, which is of comparable strength to water, can be ) 2
titrated easily in non-aqueoussolvent. Bases also follow the same
rules
A non-aqueous solvent may help two are more acids in mixture. ) 3.
.The individual acid can giveseparate end point in different solvent
By the proper choice of the solvents or indicator, the biological ) 4
ingredients of a substance whetheracidic or basic can be
.selectively titrated
Non aqueous titrations are simple and accurate, examples of ) 5
non aqueous titration are:Ephedrine preparations, codeine
phosphate in APC, tetracycline, teramycin, Antihistamines
andvarious piprazine preparations

Indicators for Non-Aqueous

Titrations
The ionized and unionized or the different
resonant forms of indicators are apply
equally well for non-aqueous titrations but
their colour changes at the end point vary
from titration to titrations, as they depend
on the nature of the titrant. The colour
corresponding to the correct end point may
be established by carrying out a
potentiometric titration while simultaneously
.observing the colour change of the indicator

DETERMINING END
POINT

DETERMINING END POINT Potentiometric

titration Indicator method
Potentiometric titration : potentiometric
method for the detection of the
equivalence point The end point is
determined by using indictor
electrode(glass electrode) and reference
electrode(saturated calomel electrode)