UNIT-2

SERVICEABILITY AND
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Quality assurance scheme is
management system
Increase confidence that a
material,product
(or)service will confirm to special
requirement
policies designed responsibilities
and requirements the owner
Controlling to pre determined
requirements

Quality assurance for concrete

structures
Types of structures guidelines as to
permissible loading
Periodic inspections maintenance
cannot be ignored ,possible
anticipated durability serviceability
(or) functional efficiency
Detail at time at final inspection and
use of the structures

Need for quality

appearance
Construction and use of a concrete
structures
Client requires
Designer depends
Material producer
Building contactor
Finally the user is rewards by a
functional efficient structure a good
appearance

Causes of design faults

Mis interpretation of the client needs
Lack of good communication
between members
Production ,inadequate and
impressive speciation's
Design standard (or) codes of
practices
Use of incorrect or out of data

Causes of design faults in

construction
Mis interpretation of design drawings
or speciation's
Lack of effective communication with
suppliers and sub contractors
Inefficient co-ordination of sub
contracted work
Inadequate on site supervision
Poor workmanship

ACI committee

Freezing
Aggressive chemical exposure
Abrasion
Corrosion of steel and other
embedded material
Chemical reactions of aggregate

PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE

Strength of concrete
The strength of the concrete is
resistance and rupture
It may be measured in a number of way
such as
strength in compression
strength in tension
strength in shear in flexure
All these indicate strength with reference
particular method of testing

Permeability of concrete
Volume change and cracking of concrete and
durability of concrete structures
Primary responsible for affecting durability
,permeability of concrete
Concrete resists external attack
Aggregate of low permeability into cement paste
at reducing permeability of the system
Large size of aggregate increase the permeability
Air entrainment makes the concrete process upto
6%makes of concrete
Crushed silica decrease the permeability

Thermal properties
To study of thermal properties of concrete
is an dealing with durability of concrete
Concrete material used all climatic
regions all land of structures
Properties of concrete are
thermal conductivity
thermal diffusivity
specific heat
coefficient of thermal expansion

 Thermal conductivity
material conduct heat
it is measured joule per second per square meter values of
conductivity of concrete made with different aggregate
limestone 3.2
sandstone -2.9
Thermal diffusitivity
it represent the rate which temperature
Change concrete mass
Diffusitivity =conductivity/cp
Where c =specific heat
p =density of concrete
range of diffusitivity =0.002 to 0.006m^2/h

 Specific heat
quality of heat required to raise
the temperature unit mass of a
material by one degree centigrade
ranges of concrete 840 to 1170
Coefficient of thermal expansion
ratio between change in unit length
per degree change in temperature

Cracking
Cracking will occur the tensional
strain which occur exceeds the
tensional strain capacity of concrete
Tensional strain capacity of concrete
varies the age of rate of application
of strain

Effects of cracking

Immediate structural distress

long run to a reduction of through
corrosion of steel
Mal function of the structure as
evidence
Cracks leading structural failure
Cracks causing corrosion
Cracks affecting function
Cracks affecting appearance

Cracks in concrete`
Before hardening
Drying
plastic shrinkage
settlement shrinkage
bleeding
curing
Constructional cracks
formwork
excess vibration
finishing
Early first damage

After
Un sand
material
hardening
Long term drying
shrinkage
Thermal
Moisture movement
Tensile zone
Structural design
deficiencies
Chemical
Corrosion of
reinforcement

Types of crack

Delayed curing
Formwork movement
Excess vibration
Sub grade settlement
Finishing
Early frost damage
Unsound materials\

Cracking in plastic
concrete

Cracking in hardened
concrete

The removal of water

from the top surface
by evaporation
exceeds the rate at
which bleed water is
coming to the surface
Early shrinkage of
concrete

Structural response to
applied loads and
external displacement
The interstice nature
of the concrete and is
constituent materials

EFFECT DUE TO CLIMATE

FREEZING AND THAWING

Concrete can be protected from freeze-thaw by the
entertainment of appropriate quantities of air distributed
through the cement paste, with spacing between bubbles
of not more than about 0.4mm
For effective protection air entraining agents must be
added to the mix
The amount of air required is between 4-8% depending
on size of aggregate

 If the concrete has been made more dense without any

capillary pores , the resistance to freeze and thaw will exist
without any air entrainment.
Particular form of frost action is known as D-cracking or
Durability Cracking
Caused by the coarse aggregate and air-entrainment, which
does not therefore provide protection

CARBONATION
Carbon dioxide from air penetrates into concrete an reacts
with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonates
One of the reason for corrosion of reinforcement
Carbonated concrete is less permeable
Alkalinity of the concrete reduced when carbonation takes
place therefore protection against corrosion gets reduced
So its important to ensure quality and thickness of concrete
cover

Factors affecting Rate of

Carbonation

 The level of pore water

Grade of concrete
Permeability of concrete
Whether the concrete is protected or not
Depth of cover
Time
Highest rate of carbonation occurs at relative
humidity of between 50-70%

Effects Due to Temperature

 Removal of evaporable water

Removal of combined water
Alteration of cement paste
Disruption from disparity of expansion and resulting
thermal stress
Alteration of aggregate
Change of the bond between aggregate and paste

Effect due to Chemical Attack

 High porosity and hence permeability and absorption

Improper choice of cement type for the conditions of
exposure
Inadequate curing prior to exposure
Exposure to alternate cycles of wetting and drying and to a
lesser extent heating and cooling, with allowance for the fact
that higher temperatures increases reactivity

 Increased fluid velocity

Expansive reactions of any sort which may cause
cracking and any other physical phenomena, which
lead to greater exposure of reactant surfaces
Suction forces
Unsatisfactory choice of shape and surface to
volume ratios of concrete sections

Durability of a structures
A concrete is said to be durable if it withstands the
conditions for which it has been designed, without
deterioration over a period of years
Resistance of a concrete to variety of physical or
chemical attacks due to external causes or by the
internal causes

CORROSION

Characterist
ic of
concrete

Definition
of
Corrosion
Reinforced
concrete
weakness

Corrosion of
steel
reinforcement

Stages of
corrosion

Principles
and
mechanism
of Corrosion
corrosion
rate
monitoring

Carbonatio
n

Preventive
methods
Damages
induced by
corrosion

Effects
due to
corrosio
n

Factors
Influencin
g
Corrosion

Causes of
corrosion in
reinforced
concrete

Chloride
attack

Definition of Corrosion
Corrosion is the deterioration of materials by
chemical interaction with their environment.
The term corrosion is sometimes also applied to
the degradation of plastics, concrete and wood,
but generally refers to metals.

Reinforced concrete - weakness

Statics indicates that 40% of
structure fails due to corrosion of
reinforcement
susceptible to environmental
attack
deterioration accelerates under
humid conditions
corrosion leads to spalling of
concrete
reinforcement is exposed
bond reduces
strength reduces

Characteristic of concrete
Characteristic of Concrete
concrete provides chemical protection to the
steel with the formation of highly alkaline
pore solution.
The highly alkaline in the concrete promotes
the formation of an adhering passive film in
the surface of the steel, which protects it from
corrosion.

Corrosion

Stages of corrosion

Rust staining
Bulging of cover (collection of rust products)
Micro cracks
Macro cracks
Spalling of cover concrete

Corrosion of steel reinforcement

Corrosion of steel reinforcement
Penetration of unfavourable chemical species
can destroy the protective environment and
eventually cause corrosion of the steel.
Significant chemical species which can break
down the passive film on the steel are carbon
dioxide and chlorides.

Principles and mechanism of

Corrosion
Concrete is a high alkalinity material.
The pH of new concrete is 12 to 13.
In this range of alkalinity, embedded steel is protected
from corrosion by a passivating film ( gamma iron
oxide film) bonded to the reinforcement surface.
However when the passivating film is disrupted,
corrosion may take place.
Reinforcement corrosion can get initiated through one
or more effects from the environment.

Causes of corrosion in reinforced

concrete
Corrosion Due to Carbonation
Corrosion Due to Chloride Ion Penetration

Carbonation
CO2 from air penetrates into concrete
In the absence of moisture
CO2 is non reactive
In the presence of moisture
CO2 diluted carbonic acid
it reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3
shrinkage
It also reduces alkalinity of concrete
detoriates passivating film
corrosion of steel reinforcement

chloride attack
Sulphate attacks the concrete, chloride attacks
the steel
Sources of chloride
cement
water
Aggregate
Sometimes from Admixture
providing from marine atmosphere

Chloride attack
Amount of chloride required to initiate corrosion
depends on the pH of pore water
pH < 11.5 corrosion occur without chloride
pH > 11.5 chloride is needed for corrosion
Concrete contains chloride
In insoluble form (chlorialuminates)does
not cause corrosion
In soluble form causes corrosion

Electrochemical corrosion in the

presence of chloride
Electrochemical process (transfer of electrons as a
result of chemical Reactions)
Corrosion = Iron + Oxygen + Moisture
Difference in electrical potential along steel
reinforcement in concrete, an electrochemical cell is
set up
One part of steel anode
Another part of steel cathode
pore water Electrolyte

Reactions in electrode
The anode is the site of the oxidation of the steel. The
reaction at the anode is expressed as:
Fe Fe2++ 2e The cathode is the site of the reduction reaction. The
liberated electrons are used at the cathode
Positively charged ferrous ions at anode passes into
the solution
Negatively charged free electrons passes through
steel into cathode

Corrosion in steel
Anode Reaction
Fe Fe2++ 2eH2 O

Cathode Reaction
2e- + H2O + O2 2 OH-

O2

O2
Cl-

ClCatho
de

ClOH-

Cl-

e-

Cl-

Cl

rust

H2 O

Cl-

OH-

rust
Fe2+

Anode

Cle-

ClCathode

 These electrons are absorbed by electrolyte and react

with water and oxygen to form hydroxyl ion
Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 {Ferrous hydroxide}
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 {ferric oxide}
2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3H2O + 2H2O
Fe2O3H2O {hydrated ferric oxide}

Patch Accelerated Corrosion

Chloride Contaminated
Concrete

Chloride-Free Patch

ential Difference Between Patch and

Chloride Contaminated Concrete
Results in Accelerated Corrosion

Vector

Effect due to cover thickness

Cover thickness is the physical production
If larger cover thickness is provided then the time
taken for the penetration of chemicals and other agent
is high
If thickness of cover is less the penetration will occur
in short period

As per IS 456-2000
As per IS

nominal cover to meet durability requirement

S.No

Exposure conditions

Nominal concrete cover in mm

not less than

Mild

20

Moderate

30

Severe

45

Very severe

50

Extreme

75

Factors Influencing Corrosion

Cover thickness
Quality of concrete in the cover region
Environmental conditions
pH value of concrete
Chloride level in concrete
Presence of cracks

Effects due to corrosion

the cross sectional area of the reinforcement is
reduced, which in turn reduces the load carrying
capacity of the steel
products of the corrosion, iron oxide (rust),
occupy a volume about 6 times the volume of the
original steel depending upon the oxidation rate.
This increase in volume leads to cracking and
ultimately spalling of the concrete.
produces internal stresses in concrete

Damages induced by corrosion

cracking

Spalling

delamination

Prevention of Metal Corrosion

Use of concrete with low permeability
Use of properly proportioned concrete having low
W/C ratio
Use of good workmanship in placing the concrete
Curing the concrete properly
Providing adequate cover to the steel reinforcement
Limiting chlorides in the concrete mix
Providing good drainage to prevent water from
standing on the concrete

Preventive methods
To Prevent Corrosion Following methods are
adopted
Metallurgical method
Corrosion inhibitors
Coatings to reinforcement
Coatings to concrete
Cathodic protection
Design & Detailing

Metallurgical method
Steel is made to be more corrosion resistant by
altering its structure through metallurgical process
This can improve mechanical and corrosion resistant
property of steel
Stainless steel can be used

corrosion inhibitor
This is chemical method
Chemical inhibitors
Nitrites (calcium nitrite)
Phosphates
Benzoates
Inhibitors are mixed with concrete during mixing

Corrosion Inhibitors
In the oil production and processing industries,
inhibitors have always been considered to be the first
line of defense against corrosion.
Rules, equations or theories to guide inhibitor
development or use are very limited.
Reducing the movement or diffusion of ions to the
metallic surface
Increasing the electrical resistance of the metallic
surface.

types of inhibitors
Types:
Cathodic Inhibitors - Amine based salts (NH2)
Anodic Inhibitors - Nitrite based salts (NO2)
passivating Inhibitors
Organic Inhibitors
Precipitation Inhibitors
Volatile Inhibitors

advantage and disadvantage

Advantages:
Initial lab testing showed promise for reducing
corrosion potentials.
Disadvantages:
Field testing has shown low bond strengths, no
reduction in corrosion potential.
High cost to apply

Coating to reinforcement
Coating should
withstand pouring
of concrete and
compaction by
vibrating needle
to provide a
durable barrier to
aggressive
materials

Cathodic production
The principle involved in the cathodic protection is to
force the metal to behave like a cathode.
It consist of application of impressed current to an
concrete above steel reinforcement.
This serves as anode and steel serves as cathode
Steel is connected to negative terminal of DC source
When current is applied external anode will get corroded
So the cathode is prodected from corrosion

 In this method the negatively charged chloride ions

which are causing damages to the passivating film
are drawn away from the vicinity of steel towards
anode
In anode chloride ions are converted to chlorine gas
because of oxidation process
The environment around the steel reinforcement
reverts back to alkaline condition which products the
steel
Cathodic protection is a technique by which the
electrical potential of the steel is increased to a level
at which corrosion cannot take place.

Applications of Cathodic production

Cathodic protection is used to protect :
Pipelines
Storage tank bases
Harbour structures
Steel sheet, tubular and foundation pilings
Offshore platforms, floating and sub sea structures
Ships tanks

design errors
Design errors may be divided into two general
types:
those resulting from inadequate structural design.
those resulting from lack of attention to
relatively minor design details.

In adequate structural design

Mechanism:
The concrete is exposed to greater stress than it is capable of
carrying or it sustains greater strain than its strain capacity.

Symptoms:

Visual examinations of failures resulting from inadequate

structural design will usually show one or two symptoms.
1) Errors in design resulting in excessively high compressive
stresses will result in spalling. Similarly, high torsion or shear
stresses may also result in spalling or cracking.
2) High tensile stresses will result in cracking. To identify
inadequate design as a cause of damage, the locations of the damage
should be compared to the type of stresses that should be present in
the concrete.

Prevention

Inadequate design is best prevented by

thorough and careful review of all design
calculations.

Poor design detailing

While the structure may be adequately designed to meet
loadings and other overall requirements, poor detailing
may result in localized concentrations of high stresses in
concrete.
These high stress may result in cracking that allows
water or chemicals access to the concrete.
In other case, poor design detailing may simply allow
water to pond on a structure resulting in saturated
concrete.

 Generally, poor detailing does not lead directly to

concrete failure, rather it contributes to the action of one
of the other causes of concrete deterioration.
Abrupt change in section:
It may be cause stress concentrations that may
result in cracking.
Insufficient reinforcement at reentrant corners and
openings:
The best prevention is to provide additional
reinforcement in areas where stress concentrations are
expected to occur.

Inadequate Provision for Deflection:

Deflection in excess of those anticipated may result
in loading of members or selection beyond the capacities
for which they are designed.
Typically, these loadings will be induced in walls or
partitions resulting in cracking.
Inadequate Provision for Drainage:
Poor attention to the details of draining a structure
may result in the ponding of water. It results in leakage or
saturation of concrete.

Insufficient travel in expansion joints:

Inadequately designed expansion joints may result
in spalling of concrete adjacent to the joints.
In compatibility of materials:
The use of materials with different properties
adjacent to one another may result in cracking or
spalling.

Construction errors
Failure to follow the specified procedures and good
practice or outright carelessness may lead to a number of
conditions that may be grouped together as construction
errors.
Typically, most of these errors don't lead directly to
failure or deterioration of concrete. Instead, they enhance
the adverse impacts of other mechanisms.

 Adding water to concrete

Improper alignment of formwork
Improper consolidation
Improper curing
Improper location of reinforcing steel
Premature removal of shores or reshores
Settling of the concrete
Setting of the sub grade
Vibration of freshly placed concrete
Improper finishing of flatwork

corrosion rate monitoring

Non-destructive corrosion rate monitoring

Electrochemical methods
1. Static measurements
Half-cell potential measurements
Hand held equipment
Embedded reference electrodes Corrosion macro cell current
measuring Electrochemical noise

2. Polarization measurements

Linear polarization method

Hand held equipment
Embedded linear polarization sensors
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Galvanostatic pulse method
Scanning reference electrode method

 Nonelectrochemical methods
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Visual inspection
Seismic method
Infrared thermography
Acoustic emission
Radiography and radiometry Radar
Electrical resistivity of concrete
Electrical resistance method
Optical fibber sensors Magnetic technique
Microwave based Thermoreflectometry

POLARIZATION TEST SET-UP

Specimens are ready for polarization test

Polarization Test Setup

Specimens shows after crack initiation and propagation

under polarization test

Experimental set up

Regulated DC supply
Fibre reinforced tub
RCC Beam
Salt solution
Stainless steel plate
Steel bar

Half Cell Potential (HCP)

Schematic showing the half cell potential measurement

technique

THANK YOU