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Linear Measuring

Instruments

Prepared by
Gandhi Miten(130280119031)
Gothi Ashay(130280119032)

RULER
1 A ruler is used
to measure
lengths from a
few cm up to 1 m.
A metre rule has
an accuracy of
0.1 cm (i.e. 1
mm).

2 Precautions to be
taken when using a
ruler:
(a) Ensure that the
object is in contact with
the ruler to avoid
inaccurate readings.

Parallax errors in
measurement arise
as a result of taking
a reading, with the
eye of the observer
in the wrong
position with
respect to the scale
of the ruler. Figure
1.7 shows the
Avoid zero and end
correct position of
errors.
the eye when
The ends of a ruler,
reading the scale.
which may be worn out,
are a source of errors in
measurement. Thus it is
advisable to use the

Error = 0.1 cm

Vernier Caliper
1 Lengths
smaller
than 1 mm
can be
measured
with the
help of an
instrument
called a
vernier
caliper.

Vernier Caliper
2
A vernier caliper is used to measure
an object with dimensions up to 12 cm
with an accuracy of 0.01 cm.

Vernier Caliper
3 There are two pairs
of jaws, one is designed
to measure linear
dimensions and
external diameters
while the other is to
measure internal
diameters.
4 To measure with a
vernier caliper, slide
the vernier scale along
the main scale until the
object is held firmly
between the jaws of
the caliper. The
subsequent steps are

Vernier Caliper
5. A vernier
caliper has a
zero error if
the `0' mark on
the main scale
is not in line
with the '0'
mark on the
vernier scale
when the jaws
of the caliper
are fully closed

Vernier Caliper
(a)
Positive zero
error
Zero error = +0.04 cm.
{0.40 0.36=+0.04cm}

(b) Negative zero


error
Zero error = -0.02
cm.

Micrometer Screw
Gauge

1 A micrometer screw
gauge is used to
measure small
lengths ranging
between 0.10 mm
and 25.00 mm.

2 This instrument
can be used to
measure diameters of
wires and
thicknesses of steel
plates to an accuracy
of 0.01 mm.

Micrometer
Screw Gauge
3 The micrometer
scale comprises a
main scale marked
on the sleeve and
a scale marked on
the thimble called
the thimble scale.

4 The difference
between one
division on the
upper scale and
one division on the
lower scale is 0.5
mm.

Micrometer Screw
Gauge
5 The thimble scale is

subdivided into 50
equal divisions. When
the thimble is rotated
through one complete
turn, i.e. 360, the
gap between the anvil
and the spindle
increases by 0.50 mm.

6 This means that one


division on the
thimble scale is
=0.01 mm.

Micrometer
Screw
Gauge
7When taking a
reading, the
thimble is turned
until the object is
gripped very gently
between the anvil
and the spindle.

8 The ratchet knob


is then turned until
a `click' sound is
heard.

Micrometer Screw
Gauge
9

Readings on the
micrometer are taken as
follows.
(a) The last graduation
showing on the main
scale indicates position
between 2.0 mm and 2.5
mm. Thus the reading
on the main scale is
read as 2.0 mm.

(b) The reading of the


micrometer screw
gauge is the sum of
the main scale
reading and the
thimble scale reading
which is:
2.0 + 0.22 =2.22 mm

Micrometer Screw Gauge


10 Readings on the micrometer

are taken as follows.


(a) Positive zero error
In Figure 1.16, the horizontal
reference line in the main
scale is in line with the 4th
division mark, on the positive
side of the `0' mark, on the
thimble scale. The error of
+0.04 mm must be subtracted
from all readings taken.
Zero error = +0.04 mm

(b) Negative zero error


In Figure 1.17, the
horizontal reference line
on the main scale is in
line with the 3rd division
mark, below the `0' mark

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