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Figure 3-5
SsYy
self-fertilize
eggs
1 SY
4
sperm
1 Sy
4
1 sY
4
1 sy
4
1
SY
4
1 Sy
4
1
sY
4
1
4
1
16 SSYY
1
16 SSYy
1
16 SsYY
1
16 SsYy
1
16 SSyY
1
16 SSyy
1
16 SsyY
1
16 Ssyy
1
16 sSYY
1
16 sSYy
1
16 ssYY
1
16 ssYy
1
16 sSyY
1
16 sSyy
1
16 ssyY
1
16 ssyy
sy
Phenotypic ratio
1 SSYY, 2SsYY, 2SSYy, 4SsYy = 9
smooth, yellow
1 SSyy, 2 Ssyy 3 smooth, green
1 ssYY, 2 ssYy 3 wrinkled, yellow
1 ss yy 1 wrinkled, green
Or: 9S_Y_ : 3ssY_ : 3 S_yy : 1 ssyy
Dihybrid cross
According to the rules of probability, if pairs of
characters are ________________ in a dihybrid
cross, then the F2 from F1xF1 cross will give a
9:3:3:1 ratio of the four possible phenotypes
Such a ratio is the result of the ______________
of two gene pairs into the gametes and of the
__________________________ of those gametes
Branching Diagram
Law of independent
assortment.
The independent assortment of each pair of alleles
during gamete formation is now called Mendels
law of independent assortment
Mendel's postulate states that traits assort
independently during gamete formation and that
all possible combinations of gametes will form
with equal frequency.
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
Principles of Probability
Probability the ratio of the number of
times a particular event is expected to occur
to the number of trials during which the
event could happen
Probability of picking a heart (13 total)
from a deck of 52 cards:
13/52 = 1/4
Laws of Chance
What is the chance that the couple first
child will be a boy or a girl?
Equal number of boys and girls are born
The probability of a first child being a boy is
1/2
The probability that a first child will be a girl is
1/2
x =
Having three boys in a row?
x x = 1/8
Chi-square
An important question to answer in any genetic experiment
is how can we decide if our data fits any of the Mendelian
ratios we have discussed. A statistical test that can test out
ratios is the Chi-Square or Goodness of Fit test.
Chi-Square Formula
value
Degrees of freedom (df) = n-1 where n is the number of
classes observed
Table 3-3