Main Principles

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes
Each organism starts from one cell
All organisms are made of cells
Each cell of each organism has the same
number of chromosomes
Each species has a certain number of
chromosomes

Chromosome numbers in some plants

Plant Species
#
Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid)

10

Rye (diploid)

14

Maize (diploid)

20

Einkorn wheat (diploid)

14

Durum wheat (tetraploid)

28

Bread wheat(hexaploid)

42

Potato (tetraploid)

48

Cultivated tobacco (diploid)

48

Adder's Tongue Fern (diploid)

approx 1,440

Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals

Species
#

Species

Common fruit fly

Guinea Pig

64

Dove

16

Garden snail

54

Earthworm Octodrilus complanatus

36

Tibetan fox

36

Domestic cat

38

Domestic pig

38

Lab mouse

40

Lab rat

42

Rabbit

44

Syrian hamster 44

Hare

46

Human

Gorillas, Chimpanzees

48

Domestic sheep 54

Elephants

56

Cow

60

Donkey

62

Horse

64

Dog

78

Goldfish

100-104

46

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

Haploid cell n (number of chromosomes)

Diploid cell 2n (number of chromosomes)
Genome
Homologous chromosomes
Autosomes, sex chromosomes
Karyotype

www.iknow.net/cell_div_education.html

sister
chromatids

duplicated
chromosome
(2 DNA double
helices)

Cell Cycle

Stages of cell cycle

G1
G0
S
G2
All together interphase

Stages of mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Mitosis
Mitosis is a cellular division for
_________________________________
One cell after mitotic division produces
___________________________________
The number of chromosomes is
___________________________________

Mitosis
Chromosomes duplicate in interphase,
forming sister chromatids
Phases of mitosis:

Interphase
S phase -chromosomes duplicate,
___________________________________
Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)
_____________________________________
Centrosome
________________________________________
_______________________________________

G2 of Interphase
- nucleus __________________________
- one or more nucleoli present
- two pairs of centrioles
________________________________
- chromosomes have already duplicated
__________________________________

Nucleolus
______________________________________________
Ribosomal or rDNA is a set of tandemly-repeated genes
coding for preribosomal RNA, serves as its foundation.
These segments of the chromosomes are called nucleolus
organizer regions or NORs.

Prophase
- chromatin coils & folds into
_______________________________
- each chromosome consists of two identical
__________________________________
- spindle forms consisting of microtubules
- centrosomes ______________________

Prophase
Fragmentation of many intracellular organelles
except mitochondria and chloroplasts
Nuclear membrane breaks into small vesicles
Microtubules formed in the cytoplasm invade the
nuclear space
Kinetochores proteinaceous structures associated
with the centromeres

Prometaphase
- nuclear membrane fragments
- microtubules
_________________________________
- spindle fibers extend from
_______________________________
- bundles of microtubules (kinetochore
microtubules) attach & put chromosomes in
motion

Metaphase
chromosomes move to
___________________________________
identical chromatids are attached to
kinetochore fibers radiating from opposite
ends ______________________________

Anaphase
- sister chromatids separate and are
considered _________________________
- spindle apparatus starts moving separate
chromosomes to _____________________
- poles of cell move farther apart slightly
elongating the cell

Telophase
daughter nuclei begin to form
__________________________________
nuclear envelopes form
nucleoli reappear
chromatin uncoils and chromosomes
become ___________________________

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/misc/movies/CarMitosis.mov
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/misc/movies/mitosisnewt.mov
this one and next
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/misc/movies/mitosislily.mov

Vocabulary

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes
Haploid, diploid
Chromosomes, chromosomal number
Karyotype
Homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids

Vocabulary
Locus (loci)
Gene, allele
Biparental inheritance one from mom, one
from dad
Autosomes, sex-determining chromosomes
Somatic cells, germ cells, gametes, zygotes
Karyokinesis, cytokinesis