LEADERSHIP STUDIES AND THEORIES

Leadership Studies and

Theories
Topics to be covered
Defining Leadership
Qualities
Leadership traits
Leadership Style
Theory X, Y & Z
Continuum of Leadership Behavior

Presented by: Misbah Shakoor

Defining Leadership
Leadership can be defined as the ability to
influence the goal directed actions and
behaviors of others.
Leaders are going places and have the
ability to inspire others to go along. The
ability to cause others to follow a common
goals in one sure way of recognizing
leadership.
Leaders initiate change, either by making
decisions or by encouraging others to make
them.

Aristotle

said the leader must have

ethos-the moral character to
persuade, pathos-the ability to
move people emotionally and
logos-the intellect to give people
solid, logical reasons for action

Myths
i.

Leadership is innate
ii. Leadership is possessing power over
others
iii. Leaders entirely control group
outcomes
iv. Leaders are positively influence
v. All groups have a designated leader

Leadership
Traits
Korzes
and
Posner
studied
thousand of managers and give
five principles
Challenge a process
Share a inspired Vision
Enable others to act
Model the way
Encourage the heart

Some other traits

are
Social

Popularity
Group Relations
Functional Roles

Leadership Styles
Along

with different leadership traits and

functions, the styles in which leaders perform
can also be identified.
Douglas McGregor is popularly known because
of his theory X and Y which demonstrate
the style of leadership. William Ouchi of
University of California presented a theory Z
these theories are described on next slides in
detail

They

use the power they

have acquired by their rank,
knowledge or skills to reward
and punish as they see fit.
Their ability to command is
the major or sole method by
which things get done.
This posture does not imply
hostility or negativity but
rather sureness or will
Authoritarian leaders give
orders and assume that
people will respond
obediently.

Theory X

Theory Y (Democratic,
Participative)
Theory Y is based on the belief that,
given appropriate working conditions,
most people perform well.
The worker is considered as the
most important asset of the
company.
It is believed that workers can derive
satisfaction from their physical and
mental work, viewing it as a game or
as something to be enjoyed.

Theory Z
William

Ouchi presented this

theory in strong Japanese cultural
tradition, use ideas like consensus
building, mutual loyalty and
cooperation from both American
and Japanese management

Important aspects of Theory Z

Long

range planning
Consensus Decision-making
Mutual Trust and loyalty
Non-specialized Career
Strong company image and direction
Quality over quantity
Subsistence level wages, but real
bonuses
Few promotions and lifetime
employment

Continuum of
Leadership Behavior
The

leadership continuum plots alternative

ways for leaders to approach decision
making, depending on how much
participant they want their subordinates to
have.
Autocratic leader makes and announces
the decision, X leader present ideas and
sells decisions, Y leader seeks suggestions
before making decisions, the democratic
leader decides with the group on a one
person one vote. The free rein leader ask
the group to decide on its own.

Autocrat
ic leader
H
i
g
h

X-Leader

Y-Leader

Democratic
Leader

Free Rein
Leader

Leaders
make
decision
tells
Leaders sells
ideas

Leaders
solicits
suggestion:
true
participation

Leaders join
group in
decision
Leaders
lets group
decides

L
o
w
Low

High

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