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CH9
CH10
CH11
CH12
Rout1 1 g m RE || r rO RE || r
Rout 2 1 g m RS rO RS
CH 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
RoutA
2rO 2 r 1
r 1 rO 2
False Cascodes
Rout
Rout
1
1 g m1
|| rO 2 || r 1
g m2
1
rO1 g || rO 2 || r 1
m2
g m1
1
rO1
1
2rO1
g m2
g m2
10
11
12
13
Short-Circuit Transconductance
iout
Gm
vin
vout 0
14
Transconductance Example
Gm g m1
CH 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
15
16
Av g m1rO1
17
18
Gm g m1
Av g m1rO1 g m1 (rO1 || r 2 )
Since rO is much larger than 1/gm, most of IC,Q1 flows into the
diode-connected Q2. Using Rout as before, AV is easily
calculated.
CH 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
19
20
Rout rO 3 || g m 2 rO 2 (rO1 || r 2 )
Since no current source can be ideal, the output impedance
drops.
CH 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
21
22
Av Gm Rout
Av g m1 (1 g m 2 rO 2 )rO1 rO 2
Av g m1rO1 g m 2 rO 2
23
Ron g m 2 rO 2 rO1
Rop g m3 rO 3 rO 4
Rout Ron || Rop
24
R2V CC ( R1 R2 ) VT ln( I1 I S )
R2
1
W
I1 n Cox
VDD VTH
2
L R1 R2
25
26
I copy
I S1
I S , REF
I REF
27
28
29
I copy , j
IS, j
I S , REF
I REF
30
Current Scaling
I copy , j nI REF
By scaling the emitter area of Qj n times with respect to
QREF, Icopy,j is also n times larger than IREF. This is equivalent
to placing n unit-size transistors in parallel.
CH 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
31
32
Fractional Scaling
I copy
1
I REF
3
33
34
I copy
nI REF
1
1 n 1
35
I copy
nI REF
1
1 2 n 1
36
I REF
I copy1
15
4 2
10 I REF
I copy 2
15
4 2
37
38
39
Let QREF and Q1 be discrete NPN devices. IREF and Icopy1 can
vary in large magnitude due to IS mismatch.
CH 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
v X Av vin vr
vY vr
v X vY Av vin
48
49
v X Av vin vr
vY Av vin vr
v X vY 0
50
v X Av vin vr
vY Av vin vr
v X vY 2 Av vin
51
Differential Signals
52
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
53
Differential Pair
54
Common-Mode Response
VBE1 VBE 2
I C1 I C 2
I EE
V X VY VCC
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
I EE
RC
2
55
Common-Mode Rejection
Due to the fixed tail current source, the input commonmode value can vary without changing the output commonmode value.
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
56
Differential Response I
I C1 I EE
IC2 0
V X VCC RC I EE
VY VCC
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
57
Differential Response II
I C 2 I EE
I C1 0
VY VCC RC I EE
V X VCC
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
58
59
Small-Signal Analysis
I EE
I C1
I
2
I EE
IC2
I
2
60
Virtual Ground
VP 0
I C1 g m V
I C 2 g m V
For small changes at inputs, the gms are the same, and the
respective increase and decrease of IC1 and IC2 are the same,
node P must stay constant to accommodate these changes.
Therefore, node P can be viewed as AC ground.
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
61
2 g m VRC
Av
g m RC
2 V
Since the output changes by -2gmVRC and input by 2V, the
small signal gain is gmRC, similar to that of the CE stage.
However, to obtain same gain as the CE stage, power
dissipation is doubled.
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
62
I C1
IC2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
Vin1 Vin 2
I EE exp
VT
Vin1 Vin 2
1 exp
VT
I EE
Vin1 Vin 2
1 exp
VT
63
Input/Output Characteristics
Vout1 Vout 2
RC I EE
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
Vin1 Vin 2
tanh
2VT
64
Linear/Nonlinear Regions
65
Small-Signal Model
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
66
Half Circuits
vout1 vout 2
g m RC
vin1 vin 2
67
vout1 vout 2
g m rO
vin1 vin 2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
68
VX 0
It can be shown that if R1 = R2, and points A and B go up
and down by the same amount respectively, VX does not
move.
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
69
Av g m1 rO1 || rO 3 || R1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
70
Av g m1 rO1 || rO 3 || R1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
71
Av
RC
1
RE
gm
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
72
Av
RC
RE 1
2 gm
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
73
V X VY VDD
I SS
RD
2
74
I SS
W
n Cox
L
75
VDD
I SS
RD
VCM VTH
2
In order to maintain M1 and M2 in saturation, the commonmode output voltage cannot fall below the value above.
This value usually limits voltage gain.
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
76
Differential Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
77
Small-Signal Response
VP 0
Av g m RD
78
79
I D1 I D 2
4 I SS
1
W
2
n Cox Vin1 V in 2
Vin1 Vin 2
W
2
L
n Cox
L
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
80
Vin1 Vin 2
max
81
Bipolar
MOS
82
83
84
I D1 I D 2
4 I SS
1
W
W
n Cox Vin1 Vin 2
n Cox I SS Vin1 Vin 2
W
2
L
L
n Cox
L
85
VP 0
Av g m RC
Applying the same analysis as the bipolar case, we will
arrive at the same conclusion that node P will not move for
small input signals and the concept of half circuit can be
used to calculate the gain.
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
86
1
Av g m1
|| rO 3 || rO1
g m3
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
87
0
g m1
Av
g m3
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
88
0
RDD 2
Av
RSS 2 1 g m
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
89
Av g m1 g m 3 rO1 || r 3 rO 3 rO1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
90
Av g m1 g m 3 rO 3 rO1 || r 3 || g m 5 rO 5 (rO 7 || r 5 )
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
91
R1
R1
Rop rO 5 1 g m 5 rO 7 || r 5 || rO 7 || r 5 ||
2
2
Av g m1 g m 3 rO 3 (rO1 || r 3 ) || Rop
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
92
Av g m1rO 3 g m3 rO1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
93
Av g m1 g m 3 rO 3 rO1 || ( g m 5 rO 5 rO 7 )
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
94
Rop rO 5 || [ R1 1 g m 5 rO 7 rO 7 ]
Av g m1 ( Rop || rO 3 g m 3 rO1 )
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
95
Vout ,CM
Vin ,CM
RC / 2
REE 1 / 2 g m
96
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
97
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
98
Comparison
99
CM to DM Conversion, ACM-DM
Vout
RD
VCM 1 / g m 2 REE
100
Example: ACM-DM
ACM DM
R C
1
2[1 g m3 ( R1 || r 3 )]rO 3 R1 || r 3
g m1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
101
CMRR
CMRR
ADM
ACM DM
102
103
104
Better Alternative
105
Active Load
106
107
108
109
110
111
vout
g mN (rON || rOP )
vin1 vin 2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
112
vout
vA
2 g mP rOP
A
I
vout
I
g m4v A
rO 4
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
113
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
Fundamental Concepts
High-Frequency Models of Transistors
Analysis Procedure
Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages
Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages
Frequency Response of Followers
Frequency Response of Cascode Stage
Frequency Response of Differential Pairs
Additional Examples
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
114
Chapter Outline
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
115
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
116
Natural Voice
Telephone System
Natural human voice spans a frequency range from 20Hz to 20KHz, however
conventional telephone system passes frequencies from 400Hz to 3.5KHz.
Therefore phone conversation differs from face-to-face conversation.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
117
Mouth
Air
Recorder
Mouth
Air
Ear
Skull
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
118
High Bandwidth
Low Bandwidth
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
119
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
120
Vout
1
g mVin RD ||
C
s
L
The capacitive load, CL, is the culprit for gain roll-off since at high
frequency, it will steal away some signal current and shunt it to ground.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
121
Vout
Vin
g m RD
RD2 C L2 2 1
At low frequency, the capacitor is effectively open and the gain is flat. As
frequency increases, the capacitor tends to a short and the gain starts to
decrease. A special frequency is =1/(RDCL), where the gain drops by 3dB.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
122
F .O.M .
1
VT VCC C L
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
123
H s j
1
R12C12 2 1
t
Vout t V0 1 exp
u t
R1C1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
124
Bode Plot
s
1
z1
H ( s ) A0
s
1
p1
s
1
z2
s
1
p2
When we hit a zero, zj, the Bode magnitude rises with a slope of +20dB/dec.
When we hit a pole, pj, the Bode magnitude falls with a slope of -20dB/dec
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
125
p1
RD C L
The circuit only has one pole (no zero) at 1/(R DCL), so the
slope drops from 0 to -20dB/dec as we pass p1.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
126
p1
RS Cin
p2
Vout
Vin
CH 11 Frequency Response
1
RD C L
g m RD
p21 1 2 p2 2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
127
p1
1
RS ||
Cin
gm
CH 11 Frequency Response
p2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
RD C L
128
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
129
Millers Theorem
ZF
Z1
1 Av
ZF
Z2
1 1 / Av
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
130
Miller Multiplication
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
131
1
in
RS 1 g m R D C F
CH 11 Frequency Response
out
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
1
C F
RD 1
g m RD
132
Vout
Vin
R1C1
R12C1212 1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
133
C L 39.8nF
Ci 79.6nF
Ri 100 K
g m 1 / 200
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
134
Capacitive Coupling
Direct Coupling
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
135
Lower Corner
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
Upper Corner
136
C Cb C je
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
137
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
138
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
139
For a MOS, there exist oxide capacitance from gate to channel, junction
capacitances from source/drain to substrate, and overlap capacitance
from gate to source/drain.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
140
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
141
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
142
Transit Frequency
gm
2f T
CGS
gm
2f T
C
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
143
3 n
VGS VTH
2f T
2
2L
L 65nm
VGS VTH 100mV
n 400cm 2 /(V .s )
fT 226GHz
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
144
Analysis Summary
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
145
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
146
Vout
g m RD RS Cb s 1
s
VX
RS Cb s g m RS 1
In order to increase the midband gain, a capacitor Cb is
placed in parallel with Rs.
The pole frequency must be well below the lowest signal
frequency to avoid the effect of degeneration.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
147
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
148
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
149
Example: CE Stage
RS 200
I C 1mA
100
C 100 fF
C 20 fF
CCS 30 fF
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
150
W 2X
p ,in
Cin
g R C
1 m L XY
2 2
2
1
Cout
2 C XY
RL
1
2
g
R
2
m L
RS
p ,out
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
151
gm
| z |
C XY
| p1 |
1
RThev Cin RL C XY Cout
1 g m RL C XY RThev
1 g m RL C XY RThev RThev Cin RL C XY Cout
| p 2 |
RThev RL Cin C XY Cout C XY Cin Cout
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
152
p1
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
153
RS 200
CGS 250 fF
CGD 80 fF
C DB 100 fF
g m 150
0
RL 2 K
Millers
Exact
Dominant Pole
p ,in 2 571MHz
p ,in 2 264MHz
p ,out 2 428MHz
p ,out 2 4.53GHz
p ,out 2 4.79GHz
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
154
154
1
1
Z in
|| r Z in
CGS 1 g m RD CGD s
C 1 g m RC C s
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
155
Vout
g m RC Ci s
s
1 g m RS Ci s g m
Vin
As with CE and CS stages, the use of capacitive coupling
leads to low-frequency roll-off in CB and CG stages
(although a CB stage is shown above, a CG stage is
similar).
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
156
p, X
1
RS ||
C X
gm
C X C
p ,Y
rO
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
RL CY
CY C CCS
157
1
p , Xr
O
1
RS ||
C X
gm
C X CGS C SB
p ,Y
rO
R L CY
CY CGD C DB
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
158
p, X
1
RS ||
C SB1 CGD1
g m1
CH 11 Frequency Response
p ,Y
1
1
C DB1 CGD1 CGS 2 C DB 2
g m2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
159
RS 200
CGS 250 fF
CGD 80 fF
C DB 100 fF
g m 150
0
Rd 2 K
CH 11 Frequency Response
p , X 2 5.31GHz
p ,Y 2 442MHz
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
160
160
The following will discuss the frequency response of emitter and source followers
using direct analysis.
Emitter follower is treated first and source follower is derived easily by allowing r to
go to infinity.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
161
Vout
Vin
C
1
s
gm
2
as bs 1
CH 11 Frequency Response
RS
C C C C L C C L
a
gm
C
RS
b RS C
1
gm
r
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
CL
gm
162
Vout
Vin
CGS
1
s
gm
2
as bs 1
CH 11 Frequency Response
RS
CGD CGS CGD C SB CGS C SB
a
gm
b RS CGD
CGD C SB
gm
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
163
RS 200
C L 100 fF
CGS 250 fF
CGD 80 fF
C DB 100 fF
g m 150
0
CH 11 Frequency Response
p1 2 1.79GHz j 2.57GHz
p 2 2 1.79GHz j 2.57GHz
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
164
164
Vout
Vin
CGS
1
s
gm
2
as bs 1
RS
CGD1CGS1 (CGD1 CGS1 )(C SB1 CGD 2 C DB 2 )
a
g m1
b RS CGD1
CGD1 C SB1 C GD 2 C DB 2
g m1
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
165
rO
Cin C / CGD
CH 11 Frequency Response
C / CGS
1 g m RL
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
166
1
Cin CGD1
CGS 1
1 g m1 rO1 || rO 2
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
167
V X RS r C s r RS
IX
r C s 1
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
168
V X RS CGS s 1
I X CGS s g m
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
169
Active Inductor
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
170
rO
V X rO1 || rO 2 CGS 3 s 1
IX
CGS 3 s g m3
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
171
Av , XY
g m1
1
g m2
C x 2C XY
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
172
p, X
RS || r 1 C 1 2C 1
p ,out
CH 11 Frequency Response
p ,Y
R C
CH 10 Differential
L Amplifiers
CS 2
1
1
CCS1 C 2 2C 1
g m2
C 2
173
p , out
g m1
CGD1
RS CGS 1 1
g m2
p ,Y
CH 11 Frequency Response
RL C DB 2 CGD 2
1
1
g m2
C DB1 CGS 2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
g m2
1
g m1
CGD1
174
RS 200
CGS 250 fF
CGD 80 fF
C DB 100 fF
g m 150
0
RL 2 K
CH 11 Frequency Response
p , X 2 1.95GHz
p ,Y 2 1.73GHz
p ,out 2 442MHz
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
175
175
g m1
CGD1
RS CGS 1 1
g m2
p , out
RL C DB 2 CGD 2
1
p ,Y
g m2
1
CGD1 CGD 3 C DB 3
1 Amplifiers
C DB1 CGS
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH210 Differential
g m2
g m1
176
1
Z in r 1 ||
C 1 2C 1 s
CH 11 Frequency Response
Z out
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
1
RL ||
C 2 CCS 2 s
177
Z in
CGS 1
g m1
CGD1 s
1
g m2
CH 11 Frequency Response
Z out
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
1
RL ||
CGD 2 C DB 2 s
178
Half Circuit
Since bipolar differential pair can be analyzed using halfcircuit, its transfer function, I/O impedances, locations of
poles/zeros are the same as that of the half circuits.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
179
Half Circuit
Since MOS differential pair can be analyzed using halfcircuit, its transfer function, I/O impedances, locations of
poles/zeros are the same as that of the half circuits.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
180
p ,out
CH 11 Frequency Response
1
RS [CGS 1 (1 g m1 / g m 3 )CGD1 ]
1
g m3
C DB1 CGS 3 1 g CGD1
m1
RL C DB 3 CGD 3
1
g m3
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
181
Vout
g R R C 1
m D SS SS
VCM
RSS CSS s 2 g m RSS 1
Css will lower the total impedance between point P to
ground at high frequency, leading to higher CM gain which
degrades the CM rejection ratio.
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
182
182
Source-Body Capacitance of
M1, M2 and M3
Gate-Drain Capacitance of M3
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
183
Rin 2 RB 2 || r 2 1 RE
L1
1
2 542 Hz
r 1 || RB1 C1
CH 11 Frequency Response
L 2
22.9 Hz
RC Rin 2 C2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
184
184
Rin 2
CH 11 Frequency Response
RF
1 Av 2
L1
g m1 RS 1 1
2 42.4 MHz
RS 1C1
L 2
1
2 6.92MHz
RD1 Rin 2 C2
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
185
vX
g m1 RD1 || Rin 2 3.77
vin
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
186
186
p1 2 (308 MHz )
p 2 2 (2.15 GHz )
p3
1
RL 2 (1.15CGD 2 C DB 2 )
2 (1.21 GHz )
CH 11 Frequency Response
CH 10 Differential Amplifiers
187
187
Chapter 12 Feedback
188
189
A1
Y
X 1 KA1
CH 12 Feedback
190
Feedback Example
A1
R2
1
A1
R1 R2
191
Comparison Error
X
E
1 A1 K
As A1K increases, the error between the input and fed back
signal decreases. Or the fed back signal approaches a
good replica of the input.
CH 12 Feedback
192
Comparison Error
R1
Y
1
X
R2
CH 12 Feedback
193
Loop Gain
VN
KA1
Vtest
X 0
194
VN KA1Vtest
CH 12 Feedback
195
196
Gain Desensitization
A1 K 1
Y
1
X K
197
Ratio of Resistors
198
1) Bandwidth
enhancement
2) Modification of I/O
Impedances
3) Linearization
CH 12 Feedback
199
Bandwidth Enhancement
Closed Loop
Open Loop
A s
A0
s
1
0
Negative
Feedback
A0
1 KA0
Y
s
s
X
1
1 KA0 0
200
201
A0 g m RD
1
Rin
gm
Rout RD
CH 12 Feedback
202
vout
vin
g m RD
R2
1
g m RD
R1 R2
CH 12 Feedback
203
R2
1
1
Rin
g m RD
gm
R1 R2
Rout
RD
R2
1
g m RD
R1 R2
CH 12 Feedback
204
W/O Feedback
Large Difference
g m RD g m RD / 3
With Feedback
g m RDSmall Difference g m RD
R2
R2
1
g m RD
3
g m RD
R1 R2
R1 R2
CH 12 Feedback
205
Linearization
Before feedback
After feedback
CH 12 Feedback
206
CH 12 Feedback
207
CH 12 Feedback
208
CH 12 Feedback
209
CH 12 Feedback
210
Sensing a Voltage
211
Feedback
Network
R1 R2
Similarly, for a feedback network to correctly sense the
output voltage, its input impedance needs to be large.
R1 and R2 also provide a mean to return the voltage.
CH 12 Feedback
212
Sensing a Current
213
Feedback
Network
RS 0
Similarly for a feedback network to correctly sense the
current, its input impedance has to be small.
RS has to be small so that its voltage drop will not change
Iout.
CH 12 Feedback
214
Feedback
Network
215
216
Feedback
Network
217
218
219
iF
K
g mF
vout
CH 12 Feedback
220
221
222
CH 12 Feedback
223
Vin
I D1 , I D 2
Vout ,Vx
CH 12 Feedback
Negative Feedback
I D 2 , I D1
224
Vin
I D1 , V A
Vout ,Vx
CH 12 Feedback
Negative Feedback
I D1 ,V A
225
I in
I D1 , V X
Vout , I D 2
CH 12 Feedback
Positive Feedback
I D1 , V X
226
Voltage-Voltage Feedback
Vout
A0
Vin 1 KA0
CH 12 Feedback
227
Vout
Vin
g mN ( rON || rOP )
R2
1
g mN ( rON || rOP )
R1 R2
CH 12 Feedback
228
Vin
Rin (1 A 0 K )
I in
A better voltage sensor
CH 12 Feedback
229
Vin
R2
1
1
g m RD
I in g m
R1 R2
CH 12 Feedback
230
Rout
VX
I X 1 KA0
A better voltage source
CH 12 Feedback
231
Rout , closed
R1
1
R2
1
g mN
CH 12 Feedback
232
Voltage-Current Feedback
V out
RO
I in
1 KRO
CH 12 Feedback
233
Vout
g m 2 RD1 RD 2
g m 2 RD1 RD 2
I in
1
RF
CH 12 Feedback
234
Rin
VX
IX
1 R0 K
A better current sensor.
CH 12 Feedback
235
Rin ,closed
.
g m1
1
g m 2 RD1 RD 2
1
RF
CH 12 Feedback
236
Rout
VX
IX
1 R0 K
A better voltage source.
CH 12 Feedback
237
Rout , closed
RD 2
g m 2 RD1 RD 2
1
RF
CH 12 Feedback
238
Current-Voltage Feedback
I out
Gm
Vin 1 KGm
CH 12 Feedback
239
Laser
I out
g m1 g m3 rO 3 || rO 5
|closed
Vin
1 g m1 g m 3 rO 3 || rO 5 RM
CH 12 Feedback
240
V in
Rin (1 KGm )
I in
A better voltage sensor.
CH 12 Feedback
241
VX
Rout (1 KGm )
IX
A better current source.
CH 12 Feedback
242
I out
g m1 g m 2 RD
|closed
Vin
1 g m1 g m 2 RD RM
Laser
1
Rin |closed
(1 g m1 g m 2 RD RM )
g m1
Rout
1
|closed
(1 g m1 g m 2 RD RM )
g m2
CH 12 Feedback
243
If we want to measure the output impedance of a C-V closedloop feedback topology directly, we have to place V X in series
with K and Rout. Otherwise, the feedback will be disturbed.
CH 12 Feedback
244
Current-Current Feedback
I out
AI
I in 1 KAI
CH 12 Feedback
245
Rin
VX
I X 1 KAI
A better current sensor.
CH 12 Feedback
246
VX
Rout (1 KAI )
IX
A better current source.
CH 12 Feedback
247
Laser
I in
VD1 , I out
VP , I F
CH 12 Feedback
Negative Feedback
VD1 , I out
248
Laser
g m 2 RD
AI |closed
1 g m 2 RD ( RM / R F )
1
1
Rin |closed
.
g m1 1 g m 2 RD ( RM / RF )
Rout |closed rO 2 [1 g m 2 RD ( R M / RF )]
CH 12 Feedback
249
250
CH 12 Feedback
251
252
CH 12 Feedback
253
254
Av ,open g m1 RD || R1 R2
Rin ,open 1 / g m1
Rout ,open RD || R1 R2
CH 12 Feedback
255
K R2 /( R1 R2 )
Av , closed Av , open /(1 KAv , open )
Rin , closed Rin , open (1 KAv , open )
Rout , closed Rout , closed /(1 KAv , open )
CH 12 Feedback
256
257
K R2 /( R1 R2 )
Av ,closed Av ,open /(1 KAv ,open )
Rin , closed
Rout , closed Rout ,open /(1 KAv ,open )
CH 12 Feedback
258
Vout
RF RD1
|open
. g m 2 RD 2 || RF
1
I in
RF
g m1
Rin , open
|| RF
g m1
Rout , open RD 2 || RF
CH 12 Feedback
259
K 1 / RF
Vout
Vout
Vout
|closed
|open /(1 K
|open )
I in
I in
I in
Rin , closed Rin , open /(1 K
Rout , closed
Vout
|open )
I in
Vout
Rout , open /(1 K
|open )
CH 12 FeedbackI in
260
I out
g m 3 rO 3 || rO 5 g m1rO1
|open
Vin
rO1 RL RM
Rin ,open
Rout ,open rO1 RM
CH 12 Feedback
261
K RM
( I out / Vin |closed ) ( I out / Vin |open ) /[1 K ( I out / Vin ) |open ]
Rin , closed
Rout , closed Rout , open [1 K ( I out / Vin ) |open ]
CH 12 Feedback
262
I out
g m1 RD
|open
Vin
R L RM 1 / g m 2
Rin ,open 1 / g m1
Rout , open (1 / g m 2 ) RM
CH 12 Feedback
263
K RM
( I out / Vin |closed ) ( I out / Vin |open ) /[1 K ( I out / Vin ) |open ]
Rin , closed Rin , open [1 K ( I out / Vin ) |open ]
Rout , closed Rout ,open [1 K ( I out / Vin ) |open ]
CH 12 Feedback
264
AI , open
Rin ,open
g m 2 rO 2
( R F RM ) R D
.
1 rO 2 RL RM || RF
R F RM
g m1
1
|| ( RF RM )
g m1
Rout , open rO 2 RF || RM
CH 12 Feedback
265
K RM /( RF RM )
AI ,closed AI ,open /(1 KAI ,open )
Rin ,closed Rin ,open /(1 KAI ,open )
Rout ,closed Rout ,open
(1 KAI ,open )
CH 12 Feedback
266
Vout
RF RD
|open
[ g m 2 ( RF || RM )]
I in
RF 1 / g m1
Rin , open
|| RF
g m1
Rout , open RF || RM
CH 12 Feedback
267
K 1 / RF
(Vout / I in ) |closed (Vout / I in ) |open /[1 K (Vout / I in ) |open ]
Rin ,closed Rin ,open /[1 K (Vout / I in ) |open ]
Rout ,closed Rout ,open /[1 K (Vout / I in ) |open ]
CH 12 Feedback
268
269
270
Y
H (s)
(s)
X
1 KH ( s )
Substitute j for s. If for a certain 1, KH(j1) reaches
-1, the closed loop gain becomes infinite. This implies for a
very small input signal at 1, the output can be very large.
Thus the system becomes unstable.
CH 12 Feedback
271
| KH ( j1 ) | 1
KH ( j1 ) 180
CH 12 Feedback
272
CH 12 Feedback
273
Oscillation Example
274
275
GX PX
PX, (phase crossover), is the frequency at which
KH=-180o.
GX, (gain crossover), is the frequency at which |KH|=1.
CH 12 Feedback
276
Stability Example I
| H p | 1
K 1
CH 12 Feedback
277
Stability Example II
0.5 | H p | 1
K 0.5
CH 12 Feedback
278
Marginally Stable
CH 12 Feedback
Stable
279
Phase Margin
CH 12 Feedback
280
PM 45
CH 12 Feedback
281
Frequency Compensation
282
283
284
PM p 2
CH 12 Feedback
285
Miller Compensation
286