Turbomachines

MEE 304

Basic Concepts

System : A system is an arbitrary collection of matter having a

fixed identity.
A system may be very simple like gas contained in a cylinder
or it may be complex like a thermal power plant .

Everything external to the system is called surroundings or the

environment
For all practical purposes, that part of the surroundings where
the effects due to interaction b/w a system & its surroundings
are not detectable need not to be considered.
Boundary : An imaginary surface that separates a system from
its surroundings is called a boundary.
There are three classes of system on basis of mass & energy
interaction

CLOSED SYSTEM

OPEN SYSTEM

ISOLATED SYSTEM

Closed System (Control mass) :

Systems with fixed quantity of matter (fluid or gas) with no

inflow or outflow are called closed systems. Ex : Rice in a
closed bag.
Eout

Min
System

Ein

Energy may transfer into or out the system.

No mass transfer, the system of fixed mass.

Open System (Control volume) :

A system with inflow and outflow of mass, momentum or
energy is called an open system. Ex : A turbine.
Min

Eout
System

Ein

Mout

Both mass and energy can transfer across the system

boundary.

It is usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as

a compressor, car radiator, water heater, nozzle or turbine.

Isolated system
E
System

Both mass and energy cannot transfer across the system

boundary.

State
It is the condition of a system as defined by all its properties, at some
instant of time.

It gives the complete description of the system.

Process
The change of system from one state to another state.
A process is a change or a series of changes in the state of the system. Ex :
Isothermal process.
Path
The series or succession of states through which a system passes during a
process .
Final state

2
Initial state

P
1

V
System

Cycle
A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its
initial state at the end of the process. That is, for a cycle the
initial and final states are identical.

Topics to be revised

First law of thermodynamics

Specific heats

Perfect gas
Enthalpy & Entropy
Application of first law to a non flow process or to a
closed system
Application of first law to the steady flow process

Relationship between specific heats

Ratio of specific heats

Steady flow energy equation

Second law of thermodynamics

Adiabatic Process

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is transferred to

or from the fluid during the process
Such a process can be reversible or irreversible
For an adiabatic process to take place, perfect thermal
insulation for the system must be available.
Most of the turbo-machines operate adiabatically .

the work done W by the fluid is at the expense of a reduction

in the internal energy of the fluid.
Similarly in an adiabatic compression process all the work
done on the fluid goes to increase the internal energy of the
fluid

Isentropic process
Reversible
There

adiabatic process is known as isentropic process

is no change in the entropy

Work done in isentropic process

Non flow Process

p.dv

Flow process

w fp
( p1v1 p2 v2 )
1
w fp c p (T1 T2 )
w fp h1 h2