TOURISM AND ITS

IMPACTS
 Tourism
 Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure
or business purposes.
 The World Tourism Organization defines
tourists as people who "travel to and stay
in places outside their usual environment
for more than twenty-four hours and not
more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes.
 Types of Tourism

Combining these 3 forms of tourism:

 Internal Tourism: (Domestic + Inbound Tourism)
 National Tourism: (Domestic + Outbound Tourism)
 International Tourism: (Inbound + Outbound Tourism)
 Growth and Latest Trends
 The UNWTO forecasts international tourism to
continue growing at the average annual rate of
4 %.
 The Late-2000s recession led to a strong
slowdown of international arrivals.
 The hotel industry and air transport industry too
reported of a negative growth in September 2008
and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic.
 The outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus in
many countries of the world.
 Most visited countries by
international tourist arrivals
Factors Affecting
Tourism
 Economic factors
International Tourism
Domestic Tourism
 Disposable
GDP of the country
income groups
 Demand/Supply
 Factors:
Propensity of spending.
1. Income
2. Population
3. Cost of living and
Transportation
4. Factors like Currency
exchange rates and
inflation.
 Social and Cultural Factors
Cultural
Social Factors
Factors
 Ageing Population
Maintenance of historical monuments museums
and art galleries etc.
 Trends to healthier lifestyles have been
 encouraged.and trade fairs and Festivals etc.
Exhibitions
 Governmental and Political
Factors
 Terrorism and Security
 Religious Intolerance
 Infrastructure
 Aggressive advertising Campaigns
 Governmental Policies
1. Tax Exemptions
2. NRI Investments
 Relationship with Neighbouring Countries and
Role in International Politics
Environmental & Demographic
Factors
Environmental Factors Demographic Factors
 Global warming/  Increasing Population
Urban Air Quality
 Clean drinking water  Global language.
and related facilities
 Energy Dependence
and costs
 Go Green Ideology/
Sustainable
Development
 Technological Factors
Technological Factors
 New Transportation Methods
1. Air Transport
2. Roads & Railways
3. Ships, Ferries & Star cruises.
 Vast Growth of E-commerce
 Competitive Factors
 Aggressive tourism strategies adopted by other
countries.

 Cheap international air fares curbing domestic

tourism.

 Higher operating Costs

Example: Comparing with China- In 2007, rooms of
similar quality for business travelers, cost on an average,
$187 in Delhi, $178 in Mumbai, versus $122 in Beijing and
$150 in Shanghai.
Impacts of Tourism
 Social Impacts Of Tourism
POSITIVES:
 Developing friendship mutual
positive attitude
 Reducing negative perceptions and
stereotypes
 Increasing self-esteem of hosts &
tourists
 Psychological satisfaction with
interaction
 Improvement of the social
infrastructure
 Social Impacts Of Tourism
NEGATIVES:
 Increase in tension, hostility, and
suspicion
 Overdevelopment
 Conflict
 Assimilation
 Artificial Reconstruction
Economic Impacts of Tourism
POSITIVES:
 Foreign exchange earning
 Contribution to government
revenues
 Employment generation
 Stimulation of infrastructure
investment
 Contribution to local economies
 Economic Impacts of Tourism
NEGATIVES:
 Leakage
1. Import leakage
2. Export leakage
 Enclave tourism
 Infrastructure cost
 Increase in prices
 Economic dependency of the
local community on tourism
 Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
POLLUTION
 Air Emissions
 Noise
 Solid waste and littering
 Release of Sewage
 Oil and chemicals
 Architectural/visual pollution
 Saving the Environment
 Ecotourism
“Ecotourism in India”

 Sustainable Tourism

 Relationship between Ecotourism

and Sustainable Tourism
 Conclusion
Tourism has changed a lot since the early days
and so have the reasons changed for travelling.
All this has helped tourism to emerge as the
biggest industry in the world. Tourism has both
negative as well as positive impacts in totality.
So, it depends on all of us, how we take it and
how we move in the positive direction, so that
the world, which we are living in now, becomes a
lot better place in not only our future but also for
the generations to come.