Control Valves

Contents
Introduction
Types and components of Control Valves
Control Valve Theory
Accessories Actuators, Positioners,

Regulator

Control Valve
ISA Definition - A power operated device

forming the final element in a process

control system. It consists of a body
assembly containing internal means for
changing the flow rate of the process
system. The body is linked to an actuator
which responds to a signal transmitted from
a controlling element.
3

Function of a Control Valve

The control valve is involved with the disposition
of energy in a process.

Flow Through a Restriction

Vena Contracta:
Point downstream of
the restriction where
the process is at the
Highest Velocity and
Lowest Pressure

Control Valve Applications

Flow Control
Pressure Control
Level Control
Temperature Control
Pump Recycle / Compressor Kickback
Split Range Control
Depressure
6

Control Valves
Types of Control Valves:
- Reciprocating
- Rotary
Application Types:
- General Service valves
- Severe Service Valves
Accessories
- Actuators, Positioners
- I/P Transducers, E/P Transducers

Components of a Control
Valve
Packing
Bonnet
Body
Stem
Guide Bushing
Retainer or Cage
Plug
Seat Ring
8

Control Valve Theory

Incompressible,
Non-Vaporizing Turbulent Flow
Bernoullis
Equation
2

V
P
gZ Constant
2 gC

Continuity Equation

1 A1V 1 2 A2V 2

Non-Vaporizing Liquid
Without Reducer Correction

Cv q

q Cv

Gf
P1 P2

P1 P2
Gf
10

Control Valve Theory

CV - Valve Flow Coefficient

The number of U.S. gallons of water at
60 F which will pass through a given
flow restriction with a pressure drop of 1
PSI in one minute.

11

Control Valve Process Data

To size a control valve we need
flow
pressure drop
line size
fluid properties

12

Control Valve Characteristic

Flow Characteristic of a control valve is the

relationship between Percent of Rated Cv and

Percent of Valve Travel.
(This is accomplished by machining the internal
trim components of the valve to give the correct
Characterization.)

13

Inherent Flow
Characteristics
120

Linear

Equal %

Quick
Opening

100

% CV

80

LINEAR
EQUAL PERCENTAGE

60

QUICK OPENING

40

20

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

% TRAVEL

14

Components of a Control Valve

Cv and Characterization
In Post Guided and

Rotary Control Valves

the Plug, Disc, or Ball
Characterizes the Flow.

15

Reciprocating Control
Valves
Top Guided
Cage Guided
Double Port
Three Way
Angle

16

Reciprocating Type
Top Guided
Top guided control

valves use a
contoured plug for
controlling the flow
of the process fluid.
In this type of
control valve the
plug is guided by
bushings around the
stem or post.
17

Reciprocating Type
Top Guided
Advantages
Simple, Open Flow Path
Rugged, Top Guiding
Guide Area Removed

from Flow Path.

Threaded or Quick
Change Trim.
Class IV, V, VI Shut Off.
Wide Selection of Trims
Full Area, Red., Anti-Cav

18

Reciprocating Type
Cage Guided
Cage guided valves

use an internal cage

to provide alignment
of the plug.
The ports in the cage
also characterize the
flow instead of the
plug as in a top
guided valve.

Seal Ring
Plug
Cage

19

Reciprocating Type
Three Way
Plug

Skirts

Seat Ring

Three way valves are

used to divert or
combine process fluids.
They have a double
plug design that
throttles between two
seats. Skirts on the side
of the plug serve to
guide the plug.
20

Reciprocating Type
Angle
Angle valves have
similar features of Top
guided and Cage
guided valves.
They are distinguished
by having a flow path
that flows at a right
angle.
21

Rotary Control Valves

Butterfly

Butterfly
Valves are used
for a variety
applications
with high flow
rates and low
delta Ps.

22

Rotary Control Valves

Ball

The spherical plug of the ball valve lends itself not only to precise control
of the flow through the valve body but also to tight shutoff. Thus the ball
valve may assume the double role of control and block valve. Special
materials used for valve seats help achieve these functions. The Ball
Valves tight shutoff characteristics correspond to ANSI Class IV and VI.

23

Control Valve Hierarchy

Globe

Butterfly

1
Ball

Severe Service
24

Cavitation

Cavitation: Downstream of the vena contracta the pressure rises. When

vapor pressure is reached, the vapor bubbles implode, releasing microjets
that will damage any metallic surface in the area.

What is Flashing?
Flashing occurs when the downstream

pressure of a control valve is less than the

upstream vapor pressure, part of the liquid
changes to a vapor and remains in a vapor
state.
Flashing is defined by the liquid vapor

pressure and downstream pressure and is

not something that can be prevented.

26

Actuators
1. Spring and Diaphragm
2. Pneumatic Piston
3. Electric Motor
4. Electro-Hydraulic

Pneumatic single spring

diaphragm actuator
Air Inlet
Diaphragm
Actuator Case
Diaphragm Plate
Stem
Spring
Spring Seat
Yoke
Travel Scale

28

Pneumatic single spring

diaphragm actuator

29

30

What is Positioner ?
A positioner is a valve mount device that

proportionally and accurately positions a

control valve over the control signal span.
Positioners must be valve mounted.
Valve Positioner will decrease the valves

Hysteresis & Deadband, Repeatability and

increases sensitivity to the control signal.

31

Positioners
Input Signal is generally a pneumatic or electric

impulse sent from a controller to the final control

element.
Valve Positioners come in two basic types:

- Pneumatic (air input, 3-15 psi)

- Electro-Pneumatic (current input, 4-20 mA)
*** Smart (HART Protocol, Fieldbus) ***
32

Regulator

33

Regulator

Regulation of steam, gas, air, and liquids.

34

 Any Question ?

35