Konsep Fasa dan Diagram

Kesetimbangan Fasa

Introduction
The understanding of phase diagrams for
alloy system is extremely important because
there is strong correlation between
microstructure and mechanical properties,
and the development of microstructure of an
alloy is related to the characteristics of its
phase diagram
In addition, phase diagram provide valuable
information about melting, casting,
crystallization and other phenomena

Definition and basic concepts

Konsep Fasa
Fasa berkaitan dengan keadaan materi yang
terpisah dan dapat diidentifikasi dari bagian
lainnya secara fisik dan dapat dipisahkan secara
mekanis.
Contoh:
Dalam suatu sistem : air dan es dalam gelas.
Dapat dibedakan fasa padat (es) dan fasa cair
(air).
Komponen yang ada hanya 1 yaitu air (H2O)

 Suatu sistem campuran bahan bakar (fuel)

dengan udara dalam silinder. Dapat
diidentifikasi fasa cair (bahan bakar) dan
fasa gas (udara). Meskipun udara terdiri
dari beberapa unsur dan senyawa seperti
O2 dan N2 namun keduanya satu fasa yaitu
gas
Terdapat sistem gula pasir dan air tebu
dalam tanki putaran. Fasa yang ada adalah
padat (gula pasir) dan fasa cair (air tebu)

 Tinjau sistem poros baja. Fasa yang ada

adalah ferrite () dan cementite (Fe3C).
Komponennya 2 yaitu Fe dan Fe3C.

Sehingga dapat didefinisikan bahwa

Phase is a form of material having characteristic structure

and properties.

More precisely: form of material with identifiable

composition
(chemistry),
definable structure,
and
distinctive boundaries (interfaces) which separate it from
other phases.

Phases:

Phase can be continuous (air in

discontinuous (salt grains in the shaker).

the

room)

or

Gas, liquid or solid.

Pure substance or solution (uniform structure throughout).

Phase
Any physically distinct,
chemically
homogeneous and
mechanically separable
portion of a substance
Can be continuous or
discontinuous
Can be solid, liquid or
gas
Can be a pure
substance or a solution

Deff :
Component : frequently used in
discussion; components represent pure
metals and/or compound of which an alloy
is composed
e.g ; copper-zinc brass; the component are
Cu and Zn
Solute and solvent; solvent represent the
element or compound that is present in the
greatest amount (also called; host atoms).
Solute is used to denote an element or
compound present in minor concentration

Deff :
System; which has two meanings:
system may refer to specific body of material under
consideration (e.g., a ladle of molten steel)
relate to the series of possible alloys consisting of the
same component, but without regard t alloy
composition (e.g., the iron-carbon system)

Components and
Phases
Components:
The elements or compounds that are mixed initially (Al and
Cu).

Phases:
A phase is a homogenous, physically distinct and
mechanically separable portion of the material with a
given chemical composition and structure ( and ).
AluminumCopper
Alloy

(lighter
phase)
(darker
phase)
15

Multiple Solid Phases

Multiple solid
phases are
common in metals
Phases defined by
composition (not by
state solid, liquid,
gas)
Example two
phases shown to
the right, dark
phase and then the
lighter phase

Single Phase vs. Multiple

Phases

*) Konsep Diagram Fasa

A phase diagram is graphical representation of the
equilibrium relations among phases, typically as a function
of one or more intensive variables such as chemical
composition, temperature, pressure and the activity of a
chemical component
Phase diagram are used by geologist, chemist, ceramist,
metallurgist and other scientists to organize and summarize
experiment and observational data.
Phase diagram are also used to make predictions about
processes that involve chemical reactions among phases.
Similar principles or rules apply to interpretations using
phase diarams for igneous processes, metamorphics
processes, hydrothermal, lacustrian geochemistry, etc

Phase diagrams can be grouped

according to the number of
independent chemical component
needed to represent chemical
composition:
- One component (PT diagram)
- two component systems
- three component system

Mengapa perlu diagram kesetimbangan?

Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
For a given temperature and composition we
can use phase diagram to determine:
1)The phases that are present
2) Compositions of the phases
3) The relative fractions of the phases

Kesetimbangan dan Transformasi Fasa

Pengertian dan Konsep Keseimbangan
Kesetimbangan
menyebabkan
komposisi,
temperatur, tekanan dan kondisi lain yang
mempengaruhi suatu sistem berada pada
energi terendah
Sistem bahan tidak murni, terdapat impuritas
atau bahan tambahan yang hasilnya merupakan
larutan padat, multi kristalin, campuran kristalin
atau campuran kristalin-nonkristalin

Energy States
Unstable: falling or
rolling

Stable: at rest in lowest

energy state
Metastable: in low-energy
perch
Figure . Stability states. Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.

equilibrium
It is useful to begin by defining a few of the terms that will
be frequently used.
- system
- phase
- component
The study of phase transformations, as the name suggest,
is concerned with how one or more phases in an alloy (the
system) change into a new phase or mixture phases.
For transformation that occur at constant temperature and
pressure the relative stability of a system is determined
by its Gibbs free energy (G)
G = H TS
H : enthalpy, T : absolute temperature, S : entropy

H = E + PV
Where E : internal energy of system
P : pressure
V : volume
The internal energy arises from the total kinetic
and potensial energy
Kinetic energy can arise from atomic vibration in
solid or liquid and from translational and
rotational energies for the atoms or molecules
within a liquid or gas
Potential energy arises from the interaction, or
bond between the atoms within the system

Thermodynamics
G for a reaction of the type:
2A + 3B =C +4D
G = (n G)products - (n G)reactants
= GC + 4GD - 2GA - 3GB
The side of the reaction with lower G will be more stable

Thermodynamics
For other temperatures and pressures we can use the equation:

dG = VdP - SdT

(ignoring X for now)

where V = volume and S = entropy (both molar)
We can use this equation to calculate G for any phase at any T and P
by integrating
G

T2 P 2

T 1 P1

z
P2

P1

VdP

z
T2

SdT

T1

If V and S are constants, our equation reduces to:

GT2 P2 - GT1 P1 = V(P2 - P1) - S (T2 - T1)

Now consider a reaction, we can then use the equation:

dG = VdP - SdT (again ignoring X)

G for any reaction = 0 at equilibrium

 If a transformation or reaction occurs the heat

that is absorbed or envolved will depend on the
change in the internal energy of the system.
When dealing with condensed phases (solids and
liquids) the PV term is ussualy very small in
comparison to E, that is H E
The other function that appears in the expression
for G is entropy (S) which is a measure of the
randomness of the system
A system is said to be in equilibrium when it is in
the most stable state
An important consequence of the law of classical
thermodynamics is that at constant T and P a
closed system will be in stable equilibrium if it has
the lowest G or dG = 0

Gibbs free energy, equilibrium and chemical potential, Gibbs phase rule
Equilibrium : the most stable state defined by lowest possible G

dG = 0

Solid : Low atomic kinetic energy or E

low T and small S
Liquid : Large E
high T and large S

metastable

E.g.

equilibrium

Metastable : Diamond
Equilibrium : Graphite

Chemical potential or partial molar free energy governs how the free energy
changes with respect to the addition/subtraction of atoms.
This is particularly important in alloy or binary systems.
(particle numbers will change)

Hukum-hukum termodinamika
Pengertian keseimbangan diberikan oleh hukumhukum termodinamika yang dinyatakan dalam
energi bebas Gibbs suatu sistem
n

G PV TS i X i
i 1

Dimana, G = energi bebas Gibbs, P = tekanan sistem, V = volume

sistem, T = temperatur mutlak, S = entropi, I = potensial kimia
komponen ke-i dan Xi = fraksi mol ke-i

Keadaan seimbang dicapai bila harga energi bebas Gibbs G

mencapai minimum

 Bila keseimbangan dicapai, temperatur dan

tekanan harus uniform dalam sistem dan potensial
kimia untuk setiap komponen harus sama dalam
setiap fasa yang berada dalam kesetimbangan

With these definitions in mind:

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state would we expect to get?

In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
--a temperature (T ) and/or a Pressure (P)

then...

How many phases do we get?

What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?

Phase B

Phase A
Nickel atom
Copper atom

Beberapa definisi
Fasa merupakan bagian dari sistem yang secara
fisis homogen dan dibatasi oleh permukaan yang
dapat dipisahkan dengan bagian lain dari sistem
Jumlah derajat kebebasan atau variasi adalah
jumlah dari variabel-variabel intensif (tekanan,
temperatur
dan
komposisi)
yang
dapat
dipertukarkan dengan bebas tanpa menimbulkan
fasa baru atau mengurangi fasa yang ada
Komponen adalah bilangan terkecil variabel yang
independen dimana konstituen kimia membentuk
komposisi fasa yang ada

Membangun diagram fasa

Metode dinamik : temperatur sampel dinaikkan atau
duturunkan dari fasa cair. Bersamaan dengan itu
diamati perubahan mikro dan properties material.
Analisis yang bisa dilakukan : DTA/TGA dan XRD
Metode statik : sampel dipanaskan hingga temperatur
tertentu yang diinginkan kemudian didinginkan cepat
(quench). Sampel yang diperoleh dipandang sebagai
fasa metastabil yang menggambarkan keadaan pada
temperatur tinggi. Analisis yang bisa dilakukan : XRD
dan mikroskopi