HUMAN VALUES &

PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS
AUC 001
- A Compulsory Audit Course

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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES UNIT I & II HUMAN VALUES

The Story of a Carpenter An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer-

contractor of his plans to leave the house- building business and live a more leisurely life with
his wife enjoying his extended family. He would miss his paycheck, but he needed to retire.
They could get by. The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could
build just one more house as a personal favor. The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to
see that his heart was not in his work. He resorted to shoddy workmanship and used inferior
materials. It was an unfortunate way to end his career. When the carpenter finished his work
and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed over the house key to the
carpenter. This is your house, he said, it is my parting gift to you. What a shock! What a
Shame! If only he had known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so
differently. Now he had to live in the home he built none too well. (Modified from LIVING WITH
HONOUR by SHIV KHERA) Do we find ourselves in similar situations as the carpenter? Moving
through our work hours fast paced, driven to get the job done, without much thought to moral
values. How do we regain our focus as individuals and organizations? This is the challenge for
the employee and the employer. Ethics are fundamental standards of conduct by which we work
as a professional.

VALUES Values are individual in nature. Values are comprised of personal concepts of
responsibility, entitlement and respect. Values are shaped by personal experience, may
change over the span of a lifetime and may be influenced by lessons learned. Values
may vary according to an individuals cultural, ethnic and/or faithbased background.
Never change your core values. In spite of all the change around you, decide upon what
you will never change:

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General view of a good life

1. A good life must be a happy life
2. A good life must be free from wants and

scarcity. The BASIC needs are essential as well

as material goods are required to give the
comforts of life. Dawn to dusk struggle for
making out a living cant be called a happy life
3. A good life must have an appropriate balance
of material values, social values, psychological
values, spiritual values and human values.
4. If all the people around are unhappy one cant
be happy. The happiness and well being of one
is embedded in the collective well being of
society.
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VALUE CRISIS
1. The main aim of all the motivated at the

individual level has become attainment of

personal success in purely materialistic
terms as acquisition of money, power and
prestige.
2. Presently, there is value crisis in the Indian
society which is affecting all walks of our life.
3. Indian joint family system has broken
up under the socio-economic pressures, and
the rising individualism.

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Values for a good life

1. Values are the evaluative standards for

deciding what is right and what is wrong.

2. Our attitudes, preferences, goals and
aspirations are affected by the value system.
3. It sets the guidelines which affect our
behavior.
4. Those who value money, power and status will
direct their effort for achieving them, ignoring
social, human and ethical implications of their
pursuits whereas those who value kindness,
justice, morality, compassion may decline
even lucrative career options if it requires
compromising on these values.
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Indian concept of values

The comprehensive term describing Indian

thought on values is DHARMA.

The rule of dharma ensures that one mans
pursuit of pleasure does not cause harm to
the rest of the society, nor does it prevent
others for similar pursuits.

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Ethics
Ethics is also known as moral philosophy.

Moral philosophy deals with morality and

concepts such as good and bad, right and
wrong, justice etc.

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HUMAN VALUES
.
Values are the evaluative standards for

deciding what is right and what is wrong, what

is good and what is bad, what is desirable and
what is undesirable.
It sets the standards and guidelines

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VALUE EDUCATION
Value education deals with universally

accepted values which is beneficial to

individual and collective happiness and
prosperity in a sustainable way.
Goals and aims are set on the basis of value
education and people work to achieve it.

Value education
1. Value education helps to identify basic aspirations.
2.

3.

4.
5.

(doctors, engineers etc. )

Helps to understand the values correctly that enables to
fulfill the basic aspirations and becomes the source for
happiness, success and fulfillment.
Enables to understand that the values and skills are
complementary to each other. (health is basic
requirement for a human being).
Beliefs- beliefs are not universal, they cant give
happiness
It helps in the development of appropriate technology
and its utilization for human welfare at all levels.

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Understanding the need, basic guidelines, content,

process for Value Education
Need for Value Education:
All the human beings continuously aspire for a happy life,

a fulfilling and successful life, and the purpose of

education is to provide adequate competence to
actualize these aspirations/dreams.
For this, first of all it is essential to understand- what is
really VALUABLE for human being, and, what is really
conducive to a happy and fulfilling life? - this is the
VALUE DOMAIN
Then it is essential to know How to actualize it? How to
make it happen? this is domain of SKILLS
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The subject which enables us to understand What is

valuable for human happiness is called VALUE
EDUCATION.
Thus, Value Education enables us to understand
our needs and visualize our goals correctly
and also indicate the direction of their fulfillment.
The value of any unit in this existence is its
participation in the larger order of which it is a part
e.g. value of a pen is that it can write. Here writing
is the participation of the pen in the bigger order in
which pen, paper, human being, all are present.
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NEED FOR VALUE EDUCATION

Correct identification of our aspiration/goal.
Understanding universal human values to

fulfill our aspiration in continuity

Evaluation of our belief. It removes

confusions
Technology helps to achieve that is valuable.

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Basic Guidelines for Value

Education
Universal
Rational
Natural and Verifiable
All Encompassing

covers all levels

individual, family, society and nature.
Leading to Harmony

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Contents of Value
Education
To understand self aspirations and

happiness.
To understand human being
To understand the goal of life
It should include harmony at various levels
such as individual, family and society.
Helps in resolving confusions.

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Process of value
education
Investigation and verification within oneself
Whether the proposals are acceptable to

oneself in a natural manner.

Verification through experimental
justification by living accordingly.

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The Process of Value

Education
1. The process of Value Education has to be that of

Self Exploration,
2. It is process of dialogue between What you are
and What you really want to be.
3. It is a process of knowing oneself and through
that knowing entire existence.
4. It is a process of recognizing ones relation
with every unit in existence and fulfilling it.
5. This process of self

exploration helps you be in

harmony within yourself and in harmony with

everything around.
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Human Values Vs Moral

Values
Moral values regard matters of right and wrong

whereas Human values help a person to

distinguish between right and wrong.
Moral values are constant and unchanging
whereas Human values change from person to
person and from time to time.
Moral values are for self development and self
discipline whereas Human values is about how we
treat others in society.
Moral values can be taught whereas Human values
are inherited values and are intact in all of us.
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Core Human Values

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Love: Unconditional and unselfish care

Peace: Control the mind
Truth: Indispensable ethical discipline
Non- Violence: means respect for life and

recognition of rights of others.

Right Conduct: Truth in action is right conduct
Thinking with Love is Truth, feeling with Love
is Peace, acting with Love is right conduct,
understanding with love is non- violence.
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Value of an entity
The value of any unit in this existence is its

participation in the larger order of which it is

part. E.g. value of pen is that it can write.
Here writing is the participation of the pen in
the bigger order in which pen, paper, human
being, all are present. Value of an eye is that it
is used for seeing.

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Value of human being

The value of human being is participation of

humans at different levels. The participation is seen

in two forms: behavior and work. The participation
of humans in relation to behavior are the nine
values in relationship: Trust, Respect, Affection,
Care, Guidance, respect, Glory, Gratitude and Love.
Similarly in working with material things, we have

two values: utility value and artistic value. All these

values are the participation of humans in different
dimensions of life.
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Values and Skills

To fulfill our aspirations both values and skills are

necessary. When we identify and set the right goals and

produce it in right direction. This is known as value
domain, the domain of wisdom, and when we learn and
practice to actualize this goal to develop the techniques
to make this happen in real life, in various dimensions of
human endeavor (struggle). This is known as domain of
skills. Hence, there is are essential complementarities
between values and skills for the success of any human
endeavor. For example I want to lead a healthy life. Only
wishing for a healthy life will not keep me fit and healthy
without understanding the meaning of health. I have to
take proper diet, exercise regularly etc.
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Continued.
For example I want to lead a healthy life. Only

wishing for good health will not will be able to

choose things correctly to keep my body fit
and healthy. So I have to learn the skills to
achieve the goal of good health, i.e food to be
consumed, the physical workout to be
designed. So without knowing the meaning of
good health, health cannot be achieved.

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Self Exploration
Self exploration is the process to find out

what is valuable by investing within. Why

someone feels happy or unhappy, successful
or unsuccessful? Whatever is right or true has
to be judged within oneself.
The content of self exploration is knowing
basic aspirations and the program to fulfill
this basic aspirations.

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Self exploration
Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable

to me by investigating within myself, what is right for

me, true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through self
exploration we get the value of our self. For self exploration
we need two aspects.:
1. Natural acceptance: this implies unconditional and total
acceptance of the self, people and environment. It also
refers to the absence of any exception from others. We feel a
holistic sense of inner harmony and fulfillment.
2. Experiential validation: it is a process that infuses direct
experience with the learning environment and
content. It may be regarded as a philosophy and
methodology in which the direct experience and focused
reflection of the individual helps to increase knowledge,
develop skill and clarify values.

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Need of self exploration

Self exploration is needed to find out what is

valuable and secondly to understand

relationships, participation with the things
around.

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Process/purpose of self exploration

It is a dialogue within oneself regarding

existing and desired status of a thing.

Self evolution through self investigation
Knowing oneself and through that, knowing
the entire existence
Recognizing ones relationship with every
unit in existence and fulfilling it.
Knowing human character and in harmony
with entire existence
Being in harmony in oneself and in harmony
with entire existence.
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Process of Self Exploration

Verify on the

Proposal

Live

according to
Basis of your
Natural
Acceptance
work with rest

behaviour
with human

of the nature
leads to mutual
leads to
Realization
mutual
prosperity
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Understanding

happiness

Self exploration is a process of identifying our innateness

and moving towards self organization and self expressionthis process of self exploration helps us to identify our
swatva and through that acquiring swantantrata and
swarajya.
Swatva: Innateness of self- the natural acceptance of
harmony.
Swatantrata: Being self-organized being in harmony with
oneself.
Swarajya: self-expression, self-extension- living in
harmony with others
Swatva--Swatantrata-swarajya
The swatva is already there, intact in each one of us. By
being in dialogue with it, we attain swatantrata enabling
us to work for swarajya.
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Basic Human Aspirations

We desire for many things in this world, say materialistic
needs, respect, recognition, love, trust etc, but in the
form of all these we aspire for true and continuous
happiness and prosperity.
Happiness: To be in a state of liking is happiness. To
be in a state of harmony is happiness.
Prosperity: Feeling of having more than required physical
facility.
For prosperity two things are required
1. Identification of the quantity required for physical
needs &
2. Ensuring availability / production
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Happiness
Happiness may be defined as being in

harmony/ synergy in the state/ situation

that I live in. the state of liking is happiness.
Happiness is a state of mind or feeling
characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction,
pleasure or joy. Happiness consists of positive
emotions and positive activities. There may be
three kinds of happiness: pleasure, engagement
and meaning. Thus freedom from distress, inner
peace etc leads to happiness. It is a state of mind
where we feel good in every walk of life. `
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Prosperity

the feeling of having or making available

more than required physical facilities is

prosperity. We are trying to achieve
happiness and prosperity by maximizing
accumulating the human survival itself. For
prosperity two things are requiredIdentification of the required quantity of
physical facilities and
Ensuring availability/ production of more than
required physical facilities.

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Prosperity and wealth

Prosperity is a feeling of having more than

required physical facilities, it is not just

physical facilities.
Wealth is a physical thing. It means having
money, or having lot of physical facilities or
both.

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List Of Wants
A big car
Happiness
A great House
Lot of Money
Respect
Good friends
A nice music system
Peace of mind
Do social work
Satisfaction
Be loved

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Take care of my parent

A good laptop
Not get angry
Knowledge
Become a politician
Have a great food
Get good marks
A good guitar
Understanding the
purpose of life
Be healthy
Protect nature

Present vision of happy and prosperous life

Where do we stand today
We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by

maximizing accumulation and consumption of physical

facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-people,
and threatening the human survival itself.
At the level of Individual: rising problems of depression,
psychological disorder, suicides, stress, insecurity, health
problem
At the level of Family: Breaking of joint family, mistrust
and insecurity in relationship, divorce, legal suits
At the level of Society: Terrorism, casteism, wars between
nations, fear of nuclear and genetic welfare
At the level of nature: Global warming, water, soil, air,
noise pollution, resource depletion of minerals and oil,
loss of fertility of soil
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Basic requirement for fulfillment of

human aspiration
1. Right

Understanding

2.

Relationship

Mutual Happiness
Prosperity
We are in relation ship
with people, other
human being
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Is needed in myself. I
need to study myself,
the human being, & the
entire existence of which
I am a part

3. Physical

Facility

Mutual

The things we use, come

from what we call as
nature

Continued
Our basic aspirations are happiness (mutual fulfillment)

and prosperity (mutual prosperity). Happiness is ensured

by the relationships with other human beings and
prosperity is ensured by working on physical facilities.
A. Right understanding- refers to higher order human skillsthe need to learn and utilize our intelligence most
effectively
B. Good relationships- this refers to the interpersonal
relationships that a person builds in his or her life- at
home, at work, and in society
C. Physical facilities- this includes physiological needs of
individuals and indicates the necessities as well as the
comforts of life. It means the feeling of having or being
able to have more physical facilities than is needed.

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Presently, as we look around, we find most of the people in the following

two categories

SVDD Sadhan Viheen Dukhi Darinda- Materially

Deficient, unhappy and deprived

SSDD Sadhan Sampan Dukhi Darinda- Materiallly
Affluent, Unhappy and Deprived
SSSS Sadhan Sampan Sukhi Samridha- materially
adequate, happy and prosperous
Before we explain these we should have a clear
understanding of Desires. Desires are of
1. Materialistic: Food, shelter, clothes and physical
facilities which are quantifiable
2. Non- materialistic: It is qualitative in nature like
respect, trust, happiness, recognition, peace etc
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Animal consciousness Vs Human Consciousness

Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals,

while they are necessary but not complete for humans.

FOR ANIMALS; animals need physical things to survive,
mainly to take care of their body. For example, cow will
look for food when it is hungry. Once it gets the food, it
eats and sits around to chew at leisure. Hence as long as
animals have physical things they are fine.
For humans: while physical facilities are necessary for
humans, they are not complete by themselves to fulfill our
needs. Our needs are just more than physical facilities.
We have other needs, plans etc, may going to a movie, or
reading a book, going to college. It is endless. hence;For animals-Physical facilities are necessary and complete
For humans-Physical facilities are necessary but not

complete
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To live with continuous happiness and prosperity, the

program is to understand & to live in harmony at
all levels of our living / existence.
There are four levels of our living
1. Self
2. Family
3. Society
4. Nature
Continuous happiness is being in harmony within
one self, being in harmony with others and being
harmony with nature.
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UNIT II

Co-existence of Self and Body

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Co-existence of self
and body

The basic want is continuous happiness and

prosperity. The fulfillment of this want
depends upon the understanding of harmony
at every level of our existence. This harmony
is through self-exploration. The four levels
areLiving in Oneself
Living in Family
Living in Society
Living in Nature/ existence

Human being
A human being is co-existence of the body

and an inner self. This is called selfconsciousness. People consciously choose,

decide and perform activity with knowledge
that it is inner self who is performing these
activities.
People use the BODY to perform such
activities but the choice, the decision as how
to perform these activities is done by the
INNERSELF
Activities are performed by the body BUT the
decision is taken by consciousness.

UNDERSTANDING THE
SELF
There is exchange of information between self and

body. The distinction between self and body exists

in terms of the needs, activities and the types
of these two entities.
1. The body needs food, clothing, physical
facilities. Body has activities such as breathing,
heart-beat, recognizing, fulfilling etc.
2. Need of self are right understanding, right
feeling, trust, respect and happiness. The self
activities are desiring, thinking, knowing, etc
3. Body is composed of physico-chemical type.
Self is conscious type.

Needs of self and body

The body needs food and water for nourishment,

clothes for protection, etc. Each cell uses the

energy from food for its sustenance. Thus the
BASIC need of body is food, clothes, shelter. Body
may also need instruments like tv, car, ac.
The self needs to live in continuous happiness.
Thus, the needs of the body are physical in
nature whereas needs of self are not physical
in nature like- trust, respect, happiness, etc.
Thus need of body is temporary in time,
whereas need of self is continuous in time.

If feeling is not naturally acceptable, people

dont want it for a single moment. If

acceptable people want it continuously. For
example, disrespect.
If need is naturally acceptable, one wants it
continuously. Needs of the body are
quantitative and not needed continuously.

Activities in self and body

Suppose one is in classroom and listening to

lecture and gets distracted.

There are some activities in which both self
and body are involved.
Example- self first decides which food to eat, ,
then makes the choice to take the food inside
the body. The decision and choices are made
by self, and carried out via the body.

Activities in self can also be understood by

knowing, assuming, recognizing and

fulfilling. Assuming depends on knowing,
without knowing truly, people only assume and
work on the basis of belief which causes
problems.
People recognize a variety of things. For eg.
People recognize a parents, relatives etc.
Recognizing is an activity. Recognizing in self
depends on assuming. When people recognize
water, they drink it, when they recognize friends
they greet them. The activity of fulfilling is
the response that follows recognition. The
fulfillment depends on the recognition.

Knowledge is an activity which tells us what is

true. Knowing means people have right

understanding. Hence recognizing and
fulfilling become definite according to
knowing.
So one can say, assuming based on
knowledge, leads to recognizing leads to
fulfilling.
ASSUMING ---RECOGNIZING---FULFILLING

Important observations on activities

of self and body
1. Activities of self are conscious activities

like, selecting, thinking, desiring etc. which

can be periodic or continuous.
2. Activities of the body are material
activities, and they are not the conscious
activities in self.
3. Activities involving both self and body
are those where of both are involved. These
activities generally involve sense organs.

The human being is the co-existence of I and

the body and there is exchange of information

between the two, i.e I and the body exist
together and are related. There is flow of
information from I to the body and from body
to the I. All the needs of I, like respect, trust,
etc. can be called Happiness (sukh), while the
needs of the body are physical faciliaties
(suvidha) like food. Needs of I are is qualitative,
while needs of body are quantitative, and are
limited in quantity.
The activities of I are activities like desire,
thinking, selection, while the activities of body
are activities like eating, breathing etc.

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Understanding human being as the co-existence of the sentient

Self and the material Body
Human = I (Self) Body
Need
(Respect, trust) (Food)
(Happiness) (Physical Facility)
In Time Continuous
Temporary
In Quantity Qualitative
Quantitative
Fulfilled by Right Understanding Physico- Chemical Things
& Right feeling ( Food, Shelter etc.)
Activities Desiring, thinking, selecting etc. Eating, Breathing, etc
Activities Knowing, Assuming, Recognizing, Fulfilling
Recognizing, Fulfilling
Type Consciousness (Non- Material) Material

The word Sentient is defined as experiencing sensation or feeling.

The non- materialistic happiness needed for self is called SUKH
while acquiring physical facilities can be called SUVIDHA.
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Distinguishing Needs of the self (I) and

body
Needs
Nice looking car
Car for transport
Food
Tasty food
Trust
Happiness
Knowledge
50 Lac Rupees
Good health
MBA
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Related to Body

Related to I

Needs of self and body

The human being is the co-existence of I and the body, and

there is exchange of information between the two. We can

make the distinction between the self and the body in terms
of the needs as show belowI
Body
Needs

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Needs are..

Trust, respect,
happiness
(sukh

Food, clothing

In time needs
are

Continuous

Temporary

In quantity,
needs are.

Qualitative

Quantitative
(limited in
quantity)

Needs are
fulfilled by

Right
understanding
and right
feeling

Food, clothing
etc..

1. Needs are the needs of the body like food for

nourishment clothes for protection and instruments to

ensure right utilization can be categorized as being
physical in nature or also called physical facilities
(suvidha) whereas the need of I is essentially to live in a
state of continuous happiness (sukh). The needs of the
body are physical in nature, whereas the needs of the
self (I) are not physical in nature- like trust, respect,
happiness etc.
2. In time, needs are.. We want happiness continuously.
We want the feeling of respect continuously and also
acceptance in relationship. If we talk about food,
clothing, shelter or instruments these are needed only
for some amount of time, or we can say that the need
for physical facilities of the body is temporary in time- it
is not continuous.
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In quality, needs are. Physical facilities are needed for

the body in a limited quantity. When we try to exceed

these limits it becomes troublesome after some time, for
eg. If we go on eating, in the starting it is good but
becomes intolerable after passage of time. Thus if we
consume too much physical facilities it becomes a
problem for us. Whereas the needs of I are qualitative,
but we want them continuously. Our feelings are
qualitative. Either they are or they are not. Ex.
Happiness is qualitative. Either we are feeling happy or
we are not. If a feeling is not naturally acceptable, we
donot want it for single moment. If acceptable, we want
it continuously.
Needs are fulfilled by.the need of the self (I) for
happiness (sukh) is ensured by right understanding and
right feelings, while the need of the body for physical
facilities (suvidha) is ensured by appropriate physicochemical things.
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Body as an instrument of self

Body is an instrument of a human being. Self is the

one who takes decision and the body takes

actions accordingly.
Physical facilities are required in a limited quantity
and intermittently. Food is required for nurturing the
body. Clothing and shelter are required for protection.
Instruments are required for right utilization of the
body. Self needs to understand and live in harmony at
all the four levels.
Physical facilities are required only as a part of
complete program for happiness. Self is responsible
to see through eyes as the eyes themselves dont
see. Eyes are just an instrument used by self. Self is
able to relate and give a meaning.
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Understanding the body as an

instrument of I
I

Body

1 I am

My body is

2 I want to live

My body is used as an
instrument (of I )

3 I want to live with happiness

For nurture of body

----> Food
For protection of body
----> Clothing, Shelter etc
For right utilization of body
----> Instruments/ equipments
etc
Are needed as physical facilities

4 To understand & to live in

harmony at all 4 levels

Production, protection and right

utilization of physical facilities is
just a part of my program.

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5 I am

the seer, doer, and enjoyer Body is an instrument

Co-existence of self and body

Self and body exist together and are related in a

human being. There exists a flow of

information from self to the body and from
body to the self.
The need of the body is a thing like food whereas
the need of the self is respect. Self and body are
qualitatively different. All the needs of the self
can be taken as happiness, whereas the needs of
the body are physical facilities.
The need of self is continuous, whereas need of
body is limited. The activities of self are desiring,
thinking, selecting whereas the activities of body
are activities like eating, breathing.
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HARMONY
IN
SELF

Harmony in self
Human being is co-existence of the self and

body. The body is instrument and self is the

seer, doer and enjoyer.
Self is continuously active to fulfill need for
happiness. The self is the basis of everything
one does.
Happiness and unhappiness are states in
the self, hence study of self is needed to
understand happiness and unhappiness.
Study of self helps to become self-confident
and to establish proper synergy between
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the self and the body.

The relationship with other people gives more

understanding to self and in turn gives more

understanding to the other person as well. It
allows to better understand what is valuable
to self or what does one ultimately want and
how to fulfill them.

Human being is co-existence of self and body.

The body is instrument and self is seer, doer,

enjoyer. Self is continuously active to fulfill
need for happiness.
Everyone wants to know their inner self. They
also want to know their activities, final goal in
life, method of achieving.
Depression, happiness, unhappiness are
caused due to what?
Study of self is needed to understand
happiness and unhappiness.

Activities in the self

1. Everyone is doing a variety of activities through out the

day such as studying, playing, eating, sleeping, etc . One

does thinking, imagining, analyzing, expecting happiness
etc . The basic CAPACITY for any activity is power.
2. A desire to have a big house is imaging for fulfillment
of the need to own a house. In this case, the power is
desire and the activity is imagining. One starts
working the details of the house like number of rooms
etc . This breaking down of image is ANALYZING. The
details of the house are the size, layout of the rooms etc .
All this is called SELECTING OR TASTING.
3. The activity of selecting or tasting is the basic level
through which the self interacts with the body.
4. All INFORMATION from the body are passed on to self
through tasting. All directives to the body from self are
through the activity of selecting.

Activities and self

There are two possible ways of the activities which are

outside to inside and from inside to outside. When self

receives sensation from the body, it is tasted in self.
Desires may be set based on thoughts.
For example, if one is seeing TV, the eyes in the body give
a taste to self. Thinking about the TV is based on this
seeing. An image is formed slowly for having a pleasant
life by watching the TV programmes. In this way one
desires to have a TV. Thus
SELECTING/TASTING leads to THOUGHTS leads to DESIRES.
So IMAGINATION is desires, thoughts, expectations put
together.

There are two possible flows of the activities, and both keep taking
place.
From outside ( the body) to inside (in I):
I receives sensations from the body and this is tasted in I
Based on this taste, thought could be triggered
Based on these thoughts, desire may be set
Ex: we may see a car
From inside (in I) to outside (the body):
We now have the desire of a good life via the car in us
We start thinking about how to get a car, how we can have money,
etc
Based on that we make selection
Here these activities are operated on the basis Sensation,
Preconditioning, or natural acceptance (listening to ones inner voice)
.
If they are operating on the basis of sensation, preconditioning, I am
dictated by others (PARATANTRA) and if they are operating on the
basis of natural acceptance, I am self organized (SWATANTRA)
4/10/16

Activities in self are

continuous
Imagining continues all the time. People are

imaginative throughout the day and night.

Desiring takes place through out day and
night. The activity of selecting or tasting is
also continuous.
People are expecting something or other all
the time.
The activity of analyzing goes on all the
time. One may be analyzing one problem at
one moment, and next moment attention may
shift to another problem.

If one pays attention to advertisement, and

then thinks about it. Slowly one decides that

one wants the product because having this
means one will be seen as owner of the
product.
One may feel great by having an expensive
car, which becomes a desire. This is PRECONDITIIONED desire. One may not be CLEAR
about what one gets out of fulfillment of that
desire. Such desires are known as BASED ON
SENSATIONS.

Conflicts

in self as a result of preconditioning desire

There are desired, thoughts and expectations largely

due to preconditioning or sensations. Suppose one has

to study, but one feels lethargic and wants to go for a
movie. Instead, if one tries to study, one starts
thinking about the movie and keeps getting disturbed.
Hence one feels guilty if one is undecided or
unsure, it is a conflict or contradiction.
Suppose, one may be planning to build a house
better than neighbor's but he does not have proper
means, he may be trying to use wrong means for
arranging money or he may not be sure of finances or
he may not be able to decide the colorings of the
walls in the house, whether it should be light or bright.
These desires, thoughts, selections are in
conflict which further result in unhappiness.
4/10/16

The problems faced today are due to pre-conditioned

desires, thoughts and selections, as these

conditions goes on shifting as the inputs from outside
keep on changing, so aspirations are shaky and one
lacks confidence, this leads to unhappiness, stress and
tension.
Thus, if desires, thoughts, and expectations are
based on pre-conditioning it will lead to
confusion. Further lack of clarity about self,
relationships, society, nature will lead to lack of
self-confidence and a feeling of unfulfillment.
The process of self-exploration initiates the activities of
realization and understanding. There is self-organization
in activities, leading to harmony in the self which is
continuity of happiness.

Resolution of conflicts and

contradictions
Desires, thoughts and expectations should be

verified on the basis of natural acceptance.

Mistrust is not acceptable to anyone.

Understanding
Myself
Power
Activity
Self
(I)

1.

2. .....

2.

3. Desire (Ichchha)
3. Imaging (Chitran)
4. Thought (Vichara)
4. Analyzing
(Vislesana)
5. Expectation (Asha)
5. Selecting/
Tasting
(Chayan/ Asvadan)

Body
Information Exchange
Power is the basic capacity for that activity
4/10/16

1.

How are the activities in (I) related

Power

Self
(I)

1.
1.Realization
2. .....
2.Understanding

Activity

3. Desire (Ichchha)
3. Imaging (Chitran)
4. Thought (Vichara)
4. Analyzing
(Vislesana)
5. Expectation (Asa) 5. Selecting/ Tasting
(Chayan/ Asvadan)
Sensations
Body
Information
Exchange
(Tasting: distinguishing the pleasantness or unpleasantness of
any thought)
IMAGING, DESIRING, ANALYSING, THINKING AND
SELECTING OR TASTING OR EXPECTING take place
continuously in self. All these activities are related and
4/10/16
in totality are known as imagination

HARMONY WITH THE BODY

Harmony with the Body

Human is co-existence of self and body.
The self is the conscious part or the sentient

part and the body is the material or insentient

part. Human body is an instrument of self.

Self-organized body
The body is made up of several organs and

glands. The different parts of the body work in

close co-ordination. The heart pumps blood,
the lungs contract and expand.
Thus, various parts of the body keep on
performing their functions in a co-ordinated
manner.
Each cell is self-organized and also helps in
self-organization of the body in totality. The
body may work in synergy as a human being.

Harmony of self with the

body
The harmony of self with the body is in the

form of self-regulation. Self-regulation is the

responsibility in the self to ensure nurturing,
protection and right utilization of the body.
Healthy body acts according to the self and
there is harmony between the parts of the
body.
Physical facilities for nurture, protection and
right utilization of the body are needed in
limited quantity. Clarity of the needs of the
body leads towards ensuring prosperity.

Present Status
Present status of the body Is poor due to lack of

responsibility, excessive medication and pollution.

Due to lifestyles becoming very busy and unnatural,
no priority is given to take proper care of the body.
Eating at odd hours, eating junk food, ignorance of
the body and lack of self-regulation is the main cause.
Any pain in the body is suppressed by immediate
medication.
Polluted environment is harming people. The
contamination in the air, water, soil, plants etc. are
the reasons. These are against the health of the
people.

Improvements
The self takes the responsibility for proper nurturing,

protection and right utilization of the body. The

interaction of the self with the body has to keep body
healthy by self-regulation.
Food should give required nutrients and energy to the
body. The food should be easily digestible.
Proper protection of the body is to be ensured. The
right amount of exposure of the body to air, water and
sun is required.
One has to ensure that body is used for right
behavior and work. This brings harmony in the self
and it has favorable effects on the body.

Physical needs
Physical facilities required for nurturing,

protection and right utilization of body are

food, clothing, shelter, instruments and
equipments. T he physical facilities are
required in limited quantity and can be
assessed.

Understanding the harmony of I with the

body: Sanyam and Swasthya

The human body is a self- organised mechanism and

made up of several organs and glands. It is co-existence of the
self and the body and there is exchange of information between self (I) and the body. Self
is sentient entity whereas body is material entity.

Human Being
Harmony

Self (I)

co-existence

Information
Consciousness

Body

Material

Sanyam ( Self-regulation)
Swasthya (Health)
Sanyam: Sanyam is the feeling of responsibility in I towards the body for its
nurture, protection and right utilization
Swasthya: Swasthya has two elements the body act according to me, and there is
harmony in the body.
Self-regulation is the responsibility in t he self to ensure nurturing, protection and
right utilization of the body. Healthy body acts according to the self and there is
harmony between the parts of the body.
4/10/16

Program to ensure Sanyam and Swasthya

Sanyam: I take the responsibility of nurturing, protection & right
utilization of body.
1. Nurturing of the body ( POSAN)
. Ingestion (Grahan)
. Digestion (Pachan)
Excretion (Nishkasan)
2.
Protection of the body ( Sanraksahan)
. Proper upkeep (Vihar) of the body
. Labour (Shram)
. Physical Exercise (Vyayam)
. Asan ( Pranayam)
. Treatment (Upchar) of the body
3. Right utilization of the body (Sadupyog)
Swasthya: 1. The body is fit to act according to the self (I)
2. There is harmony among the various parts of the
body.
4/10/16

MODULE 3
HARMONY IN FAMILY
AND
SOCIETY

4/10/16

Understanding the Harmony in the family and

society
We live in a family. In family we have relationships
where we interact with other human beings.
Family is the foundation of society, and provides the
basis of continuity of human tradition on the earth.
Harmony in the family:
1. Relationship is - between I & I
2. There are feelings in relationship - of one I with
other human beings
3. These feelings can be recognized
- they are
finite
4. Their fulfillment and evaluation leads to Mutual
Happiness.
4/10/16

These feelings ( Emotions, Values) could be as follows:

1. Trust ( Vishwas )
----> Foundation Value
2. Respect ( Samman )
3. Affection (Sneha )
4. Care ( Mamta )
5. Guidance (Vatsalya )
6. Reverence ( Shraddha )
7. Glory ( Gaurav )
8. Gratitude ( Kritagyata )
9. Love ( Prem )
------->
Complete Value
All the feelings are already within you- understanding only
makes you aware and once you are aware of it there is
continuity of these feelings and you are able to fulfill
them
4/10/16

Understanding the values in HumanHuman relationship:

Justice (Nyaya) : Justice is the recognition of
values in relationship, their fulfillment, right
evaluation and ensuring mutual happiness
(Ubhay- Tripti).
Thus there are four elements of justice:
recognition of values, fulfillment, evaluation
and mutual happiness ensured.
We want harmony at all levels of livings.
Harmony in the family is the building block for
harmony in the society. Harmony in the society
makes an undivided society, which is the
desire of each one of us.
4/10/16

Understanding the meaning of Vishwas

(TRUST): Differentiating between intention
and competence

1. Trust : to be assured that the other human being wants to make me

happy and prosperous.

2. One should be able to differentiate between intention and
competence.
3. Intention of one is always to make other happy. Thus the intention of
other is also to make happy. Mostly peoples competence is lacking
which has to be improved.
Verify the following
1a. I want to make myself happy
2a. I want to make the other happy
3a. The others want to make himself happy/ herself happy
4a. The other wants to make me happy
What is the answer
1a.
2a.
3a.
4a.

I am able to make myself happy

I am able to make the other always happy
The other is able to make himself always happy
The other is able to make me always happy.

4/10/16

The first questions are related to our natural acceptance i.e. intention
and the next four to our competence.
To be assured that the intention of the other is always correct is trust
We generally evaluate ourselves on the basis of our intention and other
on the basis of their competence.
If we have trust on intention, we have a feeling of being related to the
other & we start helping the other to improve his competence, if he
does not have.
lack of trust is the most serious matter in our interpersonal
relationships.
The feeling of trust in relationship can be ensured for everyone with
right understanding of intention. This is the foundation of
relationship.

A relationship without trust results in opposition

and the relationship gets shaken up.
4/10/16

2. Respect: Respect is right evaluation.

Need of I is that I should be evaluated as I
am, I should evaluate others as they are. If I
dont do this, it is disrespect.
When people have the feeling of respect out of understanding of
relationship, it remains all the time. Respect comes if people live with
a sense of responsibility.

Respect = right evaluation

Disrespect:
Over evaluation- To evaluate more than what
it is
Under evaluation- To evaluate less than what
it is
Otherwise evaluation- To evaluate other than
what it is.
4/10/16

Differentiation
Differentiation

Body

Physical Facility

Beliefs

Wealth
Age

Physical
Strength

Post

Isms
Sects

Race

4/10/16

3. Affection (Sneha ): The feeling of acceptance of the other

as ones relative ( feeling of being related to the other )
4. Care ( Mamta ): The feeling of responsibility of nurturing
and protecting the body of the relative.
5. Guidance (Vatsalya ): The feeling of ensuring right
understanding and feeling in the I of the relative.
6. Reverence (Shradha ): The feeling of acceptance for
Excellence. Here excellence means - understanding of the
harmony and living in that Harmony at all the levels
7. Glory ( Gaurava): The feeling for someone who has made
efforts for excellence.
8. Gratitude ( Kritagyata ): The feeling of acceptance for
those who have made effort for my excellence.
9. Love ( Prem ): The feeling of being related to all, to every
unit in existence, the entire existence
4/10/16

Harmony in the
society

Family to society
Harmony in the family leads to harmony in

society. This makes an undivided society when

one feels related with each and every human
being.

Ideal human goal

Human goal is
1. right understanding in every individual,
2. prosperity in every family,
3. fearlessness or trust in every society and
4. co-existence in nature.

Right understanding is necessary for everybody

or one remains disturbed and creates disharmony.

Prosperity is need of every family, so one should
identify the needs and produce more than required.
If there is trust in society, then every member feels
related to everyone and so there is fearlessness.
There is relationship among all the entities in nature
including humans and this is co-existence in
nature.
So, right understanding in individuals, relationships
and prosperity in the families lead to harmony and
trust or fearlessness in the society.

Understanding the harmony in the

society (Society being an extension of
family
)
Harmony in the family is the building block for harmony in the
society. Harmony in the society leads to an undivided society
(Akhand Samaj) when we feel related with each other.

Identification of the comprehensive human

goal:
1. Right Understanding
2. Prosperity
3. Fearlessness 4. Coexistence
(Samadhana)
(Samridhi)
Trust (Abhay)
(Sahaastitiva)
In every individual
4/10/16

in every family
nature

in society

in

Present status of human

goals
1. People lack right understanding. People want

unlimited physical facilities. There is a race to

generate more wealth. The economy, education and
market are attracting the individuals to generate
maximum possible wealth.
2. Countries are misusing the valuable resource
of nature to make weapons and ammunitions and
are becoming more fearful to each other.
3. The goal of technological development is to set
victory over nature. People have forgotten that
nature is the basic support system and its imbalance
will lead to destruction.

Present status

1. Lack of understanding of body as instrument. The self is

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

coupled with the technological process.

People are living more on medication and producing
more diseases.
The court of law is unable to provide justice in majority of
cases.
Legal suits is increasing excessively, families are
breaking for small gains, communal violence and conflicts
between fractions of society.
Natural resources have been depleted to a large
extent. Birds, animals, forests are reducing abnormally
Pollution of air, water, soil are increasing.
Production is many times more than we need, thus
instead of right utilization, there is exploitation of natural
resources.
Plastics and foams designed by man, violate the cyclic
principle in nature, thus creating imbalance.
Chemical fertilizers used in agriculture poisons our bodies.

Five dimensions of society to fulfill

the human goal
1. Education for right living- education is for the understanding

of harmony at all the four levels of our existence from self to the
entire existence. Right living is the ability to live in harmony at
all four levels of living .the society should work to ensure Right
Understanding and Right Feelings in every individual.
2. Self- regulation for health- the body should be fit to act
according to the needs of the self and the harmony among the
parts of the body. This implies healthy body.
3. Justice and Preservation- justice in a relationship is achieved
through mutual happiness. In addition to human-human
relationship, one has to ensure that the relationship with rest of
the nature is mutually enriching for humanity as well as for
nature. This dimension works to ensure Enrichment, Protection,
and Right Utilization.

4. Work for production- products have to be identified on

basis of the physical needs of the body for nourishment,
protection and right utilization of body. We need food,
clothing, shelter and various kinds of instruments such as
transport, communication etc for right utilization of the
body.
Production should be through cyclical process, in harmony
with nature such that every unit is enriched.
Eg- Putting seed in soil and giving water makes a plant, it
grows into a tree this way the soil gets enriched,
seeds multiply and tree grows.
5. Exchange and storage- exchange of produce should be
for mutual fulfillment and not for unlimited profit. There is
storing of produce after fulfillment of needs, with a view of
right utilization in future, but it should not be hoarding.

Program Needed To Achieve The Comprehensive

Human Goal: The Five Dimensions Of Human
Endeavour
The five dimensions of human order (Manaviya
Vyavstha) are:
1. Education- Right living (Sikhsa- Sanskar)
2. Health Self-regulation (Swasthya- Sanyam)
3. Justice Preservation (Nyaya- Suraksha)
4. Production Work ( Utpadan Karya)
5. Exchange Storage ( Vinimya Kosh)

4/10/16

1a. Education = To understand harmony at all four levels

= To understand the harmony right from
self to the
whole existence
1b.Sanskar = To live in harmony at all four levels
= To live in harmony right from self to the
whole existence
2a. Justice = Human- Human relation- its recognition,
fulfillment,
evaluation- leading to mutual happiness.
2b. Preservation = Human- Rest of nature its
recognition, fulfillment,
evaluation- leading to mutual
prosperity
= enrichment, Protection, Right
Utilization of nature.
4/10/16
Ex: I cultivate wheat: this is enrichment, I protect it so

5a.Exchange = Exchange of produce for mutual

fulfillment ( not madness of profit)
5b. Storage = Storage of produce after
fulfillment of needs ( with a view of right
utilization in future)

4/10/16

MODULE 4
HARMONY IN THE NATURE

4/10/16

Harmony in Nature

The basic human aspiration o f every

human being is continuous happiness and
prosperity. The happiness lies in
understanding and living in harmony at all
levels of society. There are four orders in
nature: Human order, Animal Order, Plant
Order, Material Order.

Four order in nature

The mutually interacting units big or small,

sentient or insentient together is nature.

These units are unlimited and there exists a
dynamic balance, self regulation among all
these units. All these units can be categorized
into four distinct orders as follows:
Material order- this includes material things
like soil, water and air
Plant order- includes plants and trees etc
Human order- includes human beings
Animal order- includes animals and birds

 There is mutual fulfillment among the four orders of nature as

well as within them. Mutual fulfillment means that each unit of

the four orders is related to each other and enriching to each
other .
The plants receive the nutrients in the form of soil and minerals
etc. The plant decays becoming nutrient enriching the soil. The
plants also decay in the form of substances like oil, coal which are
stored deep within as protection against the heat from the molten
core inside the earth as well as the heat from the sun. the
nutrients move through the various layers of the soil. The soil is
held together with the help of roots of plants which also prevent
soil erosion.
The movement of material is facilitated by the plants which
produce oxygen and carbon dioxide. Thus, plant order and
material order has natural existence in a relationship of mutual
fulfillment with each other.
The basis for movement of all animals, birds, etc are based on
the material order. Necessities for both plants and animals are
water, oxygen, etc. there is enrichment of soil for having good
plants. Plants provide food for animals order. Plant order is
facilitated by the animal order on mutual fulfillment basis.

It may be noted that in nature all the THREE

orders other than human order are mutually

fulfilling for themselves as well as others. Only
human order has to work hard to ensure mutual
fulfillment with other orders.
Humans are polluting the soil and depleting the
fuels.

Humans depend on plants for food and

ecosystem. But, humans have destroyed forests

and species of plants and herbs. Humans have
destroyed the balance. There is air pollution,
water pollution, resource depletion, global
warming etc leading to disharmony in nature

Four orders can be understood in forms of

their activities1. Innateness

2. Natural characteristics
3. Basic activity
4. conformance

INNATENESS- material things can be converted from one

form to another. One cannot destroy matter but can
only convert it from one form to the other.
A plant cannot be stopped from growing. It has
continuous respiration, thus keeps on changing. It
decays and becomes part of material order. The basic
particles of plant cant be destroyed. It can be
converted from one form to the other. The existence
and growth combined are the innateness of the plant
order.
The animal body is physico-chemical in nature. The
animal order imbibes existence and growth in the body
and has will to live in self as its innateness.
The humans have existence and growth similar to animal
body. A human beings innateness is the will to live
with happiness. For this the humans need to have
right understanding.

NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS- each order has a

certain VALUE which is the usefulness or participation

of the order in existence. This value is also known as
natural characteristics. The basic characteristic is
composition and decomposition. This enables the units
to come together and form bigger units. Bigger units
transform to smaller units.
For example- a building is composed of stones. It can
be broken down to small pieces which is
decomposition.
Plants nurture other plant units. The value of the plant
unit is to nurture. This is its value for all the four orders.
The body of animal also belongs to plant order.
Humans also belong to plant order. Humans digest the
vegetables and absorb to nurture the body.
Values of self in humans is determination, bravery,
generosity.

BASIC ACTIVITYin the material and plant order, there is

recognizing and fulfillment and does not have

activities of assuming and knowing. The plant
recognizes the relation with seeds and water.
It fulfills it by acting accordingly.
animals and human have selecting or tasting
in the form of response.
All the four activities of knowing, assuming,
recognising and fulfillment exists in humans.

CONFORMANCE- this is the method by means of

which the continuity of a species in the material

order is maintained in nature.
Plants are always as per the seed.
Every type of animal has its own characteristics
such as cat, goat, etc. Animals conform to their
lineage or race.
The humans are not only according to their race.
Humans are according to their imagination,
desires, thoughts and selection in self. Humans
are as per education.

States of human being today &

solution
Humans have capacity to know and live with

happiness. The will-power to be happy is

related to the will to know. Humans need to
enter into process of self-verification and
become more aware. They need to selfexplore the proposals at all four levels of
living.
The right understanding helps to identify what
is valuable. Technology is used as a means to
ensure what is valuable.

HARMONY
IN
EXISTENCE

4/10/16

Existence Is nothing but the nature in

space. It is understood that four orders are

interrelated, in harmony, and natural
acceptance is to live in harmony with these
orders. The human beings, matter, animals
are all units. They are all countable. The space
exists between the earth and the sun and also
around and inside humans. Space is
emptiness and is actually everywhere. One
cant touch, or smell it, but normally see
through it.

4/10/16

Space is all-pervading, has no activity,

maintains equilibrium of energy. It is reflecting

or transparent and self-organized.
The units are limited, active, energized,
recognize and fulfill the relationship with other
units, self-organized and in harmony. Thus,
existence is co-existence.

4/10/16

Existence is co-existence
Units are of two types1. Material units are those that are only

recognizing and fulfilling.

2. At the level of the body, there is only
recognizing and fulfillment.
3. At the level of self, there is assuming,
knowing, recognizing and fulfilling.
Knowing means having the right understanding,
understanding the harmony at all four levels
of our being.

Present status and

solution
Accumulation of the material order cannot be

a substitute for the needs of knowledge or

understanding and relationship in self.
Development has to take place in the human
being in self by knowing reality, knowing the
entire existence and living according with it.
Humans want to develop as responsible
human being.

1Universal Human Values and Ethical Human

Conduct

The values pertaining to behavior are nine values

in relationship namely
1. trust,
2. respect,
3. affection,
4. care,
5. Guidance
6. Reverence
7. Glory
8. gratitude
9. Love.
Working with material things, one has utility and
artistic values

ETHICAL HUMAN CONDUCT

People are presently living on the basis of preconditioning or

assumptions which are not in consonance with truth or right

understanding. This does not give satisfaction to anybody.
Ethical human conduct implies that it is naturally acceptable
to and does not give rise to conflict within. It should be in
according to right understanding. Right understanding
enables to identify definite
1. Values-capability of living in accordance with universal
human values with mutually fulfilling relationship based on
justice
2. Policy- it is the policy for right utilization , protection and
enrichment of all including the self, body and physical
resources.
3. Character it is based on faithfulness in relationship,
access to rightfully acquired wealth and compassionate
behavior.

HUMAN COSNCIOUSNESS & ANIMAL

CONSCIOUSENSS
The values are a natural outcome of the right

understanding. Fear greed or belief should not be

used to affect these values.
The human being transform from animal
consciousness to human consciousness through the
right understanding.
The self-exploration helps to initiate the development
process of consciousness. Accordingly, it affects
changes in goals, priorities, and selection criteria.
In animal consciousness, people give weight
age to physical facilities, to maximization of
sensory pleasures and accumulation of wealth.
4/10/16

VALUE BASED LIVING

1. At the individual level transition towards happiness

and prosperity takes place. Self-exploration removes

tension, frustration, depression.
2. At the family level, value based living will facilitate
peace, prosperity, reduce family feuds.
3. At the level of society when relationships get higherpriority over physical facilities, fearlessness and mutual
trust emerging. UNDIVIDED feeling comes in the society.
4. At the level of nature, humans will be able to relate
themselves better with nature. Pollution, resource
depletion can be solved by assessing how much is
required by human beings.

Natural acceptance of human

values
Human values should not be enforced through fear, enticement or
blind faith. The right understanding gained through selfexploration should lead to naturally accepted values.
Implications of Value Based living1. Happiness, peace, contentment and bliss in the self,
perservance , bravery and generosity in living of the individual.
2. Mutual fulfillment in relationship, prosperity in the family,
sustenance of joint family, respect for all without differentiation
on the basis of age, gender, caste, race, post etc.
3. Fearlessness in the society, holistic systems for education,
health, justice, production, exchange and storage, harmony
between nations, world growing as a family
4. Co-existence of all units in nature, earth,, getting more and
more suited for sustenance of all entities on the globe, balance
of seasons, proper development of material through right
availability of temperature, water, air, soil and other natural
resources, that is to say, a universal human order.
4/10/16

2HOLISTIC
PERCEPTION

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HOLISTIC ALTERNATIVE- There should be

universal human welfare.
The right understanding gives the basis for the
identification of universal human values in
all the dimensions of life.
The right understanding helps towards the
holistic alternative or universal human order.
A humanistic educations system, holistic
health care system, appropriate
technologies, production systems, and
management models and an economic
order on recyclability and compatibility
with nature are evolved through right
understanding.
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Humanistic education and

humanistic constitution

Education should create understanding or harmony at all

the levels of living.

Humanistic education will provide proper integration
of values and skills to understand the physical needs
and provide techniques and production system in an ecofriendly manner.
A HUMANISTIC CONSTITUTION is essential to provide
guidelines and policy framework necessary for the
development of undivided society.
The human society is divided into various castes, creeds,
religions and nationalities whose objectives and interest
are proving opposite to those of others. Lots of energies
and resources are lost in preparing for war only to ensure
peace. Thus, resolution of the prevailing human conflicts
is achieved through right understanding.

UNIVERSAL HUMAN
ORDER
It is possible to mover towards universal

human order with help of suitable policies

evolved through right understanding.
Understanding of harmony gives the notion of
an undivided society and universal
human order. The universal human order will
consist of dimensions of human endeavor
such as education, health, etc.

3Professional
Ethics

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PROFESSION- the profession is means of earning ones

livelihood, but also helps the person to participate in the

larger order( i.e the society and the nature around).
BUT , the general perception in which the professionals
are presently looked at, is in terms of earning more
and more money, comfort, perk etc.
Ethical conduct of profession means the right utilization

of skills for the fulfillment of human goal. Professional is

expected to carry out work with right understanding and
commitment. The effort is to be conducive to human
welfare, to the happiness and prosperity of all and also
to the enrichment of nature.

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Ethics
A person acts unethically due to lack of correct understanding

about happiness and prosperity.

To make money, all other considerations become SECONDARY. Thus,
more and more unethical practices take place.
The ethical competence is achieved through appropriate value
education.
TO HAVE COMPETENCE
1. The human goal should be clear and its fulfillment should be
clear and its fulfillment should be through universal human order
2. One should have confidence in self. Right understanding of
oneself is the basis of all of these.
3. There should be mutually fulfilling behavior, clarity and
confidence in ethical human conduct.
4. There should be harmony in the nature
5. One should have ability of translating ones understanding in real
life.
6.

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CURRENT STATUS OF PROF. ETHICS

Corruption has affected all the professions. There

is a feeling that with money we can buy

everything, any person can be purchased and
any system can be bent to ones advantage.
Unethical conduct of big organizations have
created large scale disasters like Bhopal gas
tragedy. People use celebrities to influence the
public mind for promoting all types of products.
In short there is corruption, tax evasion,
misappropriation, unethical advertisements,
adulteration and hoarding. Etc.
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Corrective Measures
1. Professional ethics in people by introducing new

courses and case studies.

2. Monitoring the professional activities.
3. More stringent laws with harder punishment for
professional offences.
4. Transparency in professional working system
through mechanism like right to information, etc.
5. Sting operations of professional activities.
However, ethical competence by transforming the
consciousness of the professionals through right
understanding will do wonders.

4Holistic technologies, Management Models and

Production System

Holistic technologies, Management

Models and Production System
Right understanding provides the vision for a

holistic alternative. Vision models are based

on1. Living essentially helpful to the needs of all
humans and also compatible with nature.
2. helpful to the development of harmonious
human society at a world level.
3. Allows a sustainable universal human order
leading to happiness, peace and prosperity.

Evaluation by holistic
criteria
Development of the modern technologies

should be designed best suited to this world.

Technologies should be designed to suit
appropriate needs, it may also be people
friendly and eco-friendly.
The appropriateness of the production system
has to be on the basis of local resources and
expertise, local environment and the pattern
of consumption, meaningful employment of
people in the community.

Prevailing systems
1. The present day systems have heavy dependence on non-

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

renewable sources of energy. The fossil fuels are being

consumed at speedy rates causing resource depletion and
environmental degradation in terms of pollution, global warming
etc.
Compatibility with the rate of consumption and the rate of
production in nature does not exist.
Excessive transportation and substitution of human,
animal and other natural resources are the undesirable
characteristics of modern technology.
Automation and mechanism in increasing for mass
production which is not good for large scale employment
There is exploitation and conflict between the working and
management class.
High degree of sophistication, quality consciousness,
standardization, user friendly technologies are not taking care of
general human welfare

Nature and Traditional

Practices
Humans are an integral part of the self-sustaining

nature. Eco-friendly and people friendly

characteristics of many traditional practices are
working and need retention
The present day knowledge may be used to make
the system more effective, efficient and more suited
to current needs. The existing method of ecofriendly agricultural techniques, eco-restoration and
preservation techniques provide lot of experience.
Thus, the existing vast wisdom helps to prepare
better and move in the right direction

Feasible improvement
A vision of self-sufficient village republic was presented by

Gandhiji. Research and development effort for various

renewable and eco-friendly technologies and systems will be
helpful. There are several improvement possibility such as1. Renewable and decentralised energy technologies.
2. Water conservation and water shed based system for
utilization of rain water and eco-restoration.
3. Appropriate techniques for green building materials and
energy convservation.
4. Production of bio-manures and bio-pesticides
5. Sewage disposal and waste water recycling with available
eco-sanitation technique.
6. Small scale production system based on low cost.
7. Models based on human and management considerations

5HOLISTIC ALTERNATIVE

Presently, happiness and prosperity are

perceived primarily in terms of maximization

of sensory enjoyment, maximization of wealth
and accumulation of more and more physical
facilities.
For happiness and prosperity in continuity,

one should have the right understanding

about oneself, the existence, about human
conduct and techniques.

TO INITIATE THE TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS

HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS, APPROPRIATE VALUE

EDUCATION INPUTS ARE REQUIRED.
1. Self-exploration
2. Harmony at various levels
3. Evolution at the individual level
4. Transition at the level of family, society and
profession
5. Mass awareness
6. Holistic models of living.

1. Need for self-exploration- self-exploration gives

clarity between what one really wants and what

one is presently pursuing. So corrective steps
become clear. Thus self exploration is vital step
towards transition to the holistic way of life.
2. Harmony at various levels- right understanding
with due emphasis on self-exploration and right
living are to be inculcated. Value education will
lead to the transformation of the nation on the
basis.
3. Evolution at the individual level- there is need of
focusing attention more frequently on the activities
of the self and the body. Right understanding and
translating this understanding in thought, behavior
and work makes individual highly rewarding.

4. Transition at the level of family, society

and profession Transition means a
gradual change for betterment. Mutual
fulfillment ensures personal happiness and
collective happiness. An individual will
follow the sequence of Right
Understanding, Honesty,
Accountability and Participation.
Right understanding will become basis of
change for the family and people around.
The transformation will be comforting. It
will remove contradictions and dilemma
which arise out of unawareness. The ethics
in the society will gradually change.

5. Mass awareness - mass awareness can be

through workshops, seminars, media, literature
etc . The education system should include
humanistic education.
6. Holistic models of living- holistic models of
living should be evolved which include
development of holistic technologies,
production systems and management models
for the holistic way of life.
The transition to human consciousness is
essential to ensure and prosperity.

6GLOBALISATION OF VALUE AND ETHICS

GLOBALISATION OF VALUE AND

ETHICS
The scientific knowledge and the technical

inventions have produced a great transformation

in the thinking and performing which is basically
oriented to money and capitalism.
With the creation of market blocks, free
commerce and the liberal economic models, the
globalisation has imposed and established rules
which benefit only a few.
The economic power is concentrated in the
financial elite, represented by MNCs, which has
generated inequity and poverty.

Human values in
education
Present education does not emphasis in mans

dignity and values.

Presently a society practices profits, wealth,
commerce etc. Education development must
essentially contribute to the knowledge and
significance of man as a person.
The actual education must understand human path
including dreams, knowledge, ignorance, love,
death, . Education must confront with success the
misery, poverty and inequity problems and makes a
deep emphasis on human values.

Self exploration
The process of self-exploration makes the person in

knowing ones strengths and weaknesses. This leads to

evaluation of self.
Self-exploration makes one aware of what is important
to oneself. That is, interests, aptitudes, abilities,
strengths, weakness, way to gain knowledge of what is
good, fit for match for personal growth.
Some helpful tips1. Beginning of self-exploration by taking a good look at
oneself.
2. Accepting the challenge to understand oneself and to
like who one is
3. One should ask questions and take time to find real
answer.

7Engineering Ethics

Engineering ethics
It is the field of applied ethics. It verifies and

sets standards for engineers obligations to the

public, their clients, employers and the
profession.

PRINCIPLES of engineering ethics are1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and

2.
3.
4.

5.

welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the

principles of sustainable development in the
performance of their professional duties.
Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their
competence.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an
objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each
employer or clients as faithful agents or trustees and
avoid conflict of interest.
Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the
merit of their services not compete unfairly with others.

NON-VIOLENCE

Non-violence is the first human value. It has played a

vital role in Indias greatness. It directs their day to day

behaviours in such a manner that they can ensure their
own existence; their conflicts are transformed and
resolved.
Non-violence has been analysed minutely in Jainism.
Mahavira gave a unique dimension to Non-violence
through his humanely practices. It is made a subject of
self-control, pure conduct and discipline. So he is called
the greatest initiator of non-violence.
The Vedas direct day-to-day practices of most Indians. It
achieves goodness of not harming anyone by thought,
speech, or deed and not depriving anyone of life.
Buddha preached humanity to develop non-violence on
basis of self control.
Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak also preached non-violence,

Non-violence and
Gandhiji
Gandhian concept pertaining to non-violence has

presence of all the four major philosophies that were

established and developed in India- Vedic-Hindu,
Buddhist, Jain, Sikh. Gandhiji brought a good
harmony among all Indian concept pertaining to nonviolence.
Gandhiji astonished the whole world, through the
non-violence actions.
Gandhiji believed in achieving victory over the
injustice of worlds mightiest empire through nonviolence. The intention should be clear and full of
honesty.

Gandhiji believed in non-violence which is the

highest values of humans.

Seek the truth
Listen to the truth
Teach the truth
Abide by the truth
And defend the truth
Until death.
-----------JOHN HUS