Prepared By,

Mohit Hambardikar
(CORE ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD)
(QA Engineer)

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics

is the study of
the effects of work, heat, and
energy on a system.
Thermodynamics is only
concerned with macroscopic
(large-scale)&microscopic
changes and observations

The Laws of Thermodynamics:

Summary

Zeroth Law
If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium
with a third, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
First Law
The increase in internal energy of a closed
system is equal to the difference of the heat
supplied to the system and the work done by
it: U = Q - W
Second Law
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a
colder location to a hotter location.
Third Law
The entropy of all systems and of all states of
3
a system is smallest at absolute zero

Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic Processes
Isobaric

process : the pressure is constant.

Isochoric

process : the volume is constant.

Isothermal
Adiabatic

process :the temperature is constant.

process : no heat enters or leaves the

system; i.e. Q = 0.
Isentropic

process : the entropy is constant. It is also

known as reversible adiabatic process.

Isenthalpic

Process: occurs at a constant Enthalpy

6

The Ideal Gas Law

Ideal gas law :

PV = mRT or Pv = RT,
where m is the no. of kmoles, v is the volume per kmole, T is the absolute
temperature in K, and the gas constant R = 8.314 x 103 J/(K.kmol).
For a constant quantity of gas, P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.

Avogadro's law : For a given mass of anideal gas, the volume and
amount (moles n) of the gas are directly proportional if thetemperature
and pressureare constant. V is proportional to moles n

v/n=k

P
T increasing

P increasing

V increasing

The energy balance for a

steady-flow device (nozzle,
compressor, turbine and pump)
with one inlet and one exit is:

Fluid Moving Equipment

Fluids are moved through flow systems using compressors,
pumps, fans and blowers. Such devices increase the mechanical
energy of the fluid. The additional energy can be used to increase

Velocity (flow rate)

Pressure
Elevation

CAS
COMPONENT

Intake Air Filters : Prevent dust and atmospheric impurities from entering
compressor. Dust causes sticking valves, scored cylinders, excessive wear
etc.

Compressor : Pressurizes the air

Inter-stage Coolers : Reduce the temperature of the air (gas) before it

enters the next stage to reduce the work of compression and increase
efficiency. They can be water-or air-cooled.

After Coolers : Reduce the temperature of the discharge air, and thereby
reduce the moisture carrying capacity of air.

Air-dryers : Air dryers are used to remove moisture, as air for instrument
and pneumatic equipment needs to be relatively free of any moisture. The
moisture is removed by suing adsorbents or refrigerant dryers, or state of
the art heatless dryers.

Moisture Traps : Air traps are used for removal of moisture in the
compressed air distribution lines. They resemble steam traps wherein the
air is trapped and moisture is removed.

Receivers : Depending on the system requirements, one or more air

receivers are generally provided to reduce output pulsations and pressure
variations.

Parts of reciprocating
Compressor

COMPRESSOR
What is Compressor?
A compressor is a device that pressurize a
working fluid, one of the basic aim of compressor
is to compress the fluid and deliver it to a
pressure which is higher than its original
pressure.
PURPOSE
To provide air for combustion
To transport process fluid through pipeline
To provide compressed air for diving pneumatic
tools
To circulate process fluid through certain process

Types of compressor
Type of
compressor

Positive
displacement

Reciprocating

Dynamic

Rotary

Centrifugal

Axial

Compressor selection

Capacity of compressor
Capacity

of Compressor basically
indicated by following two
parameter
1.Pressure
2.FAD

What is FAD- Capacity of a

Compressor?
The

FAD is the volume of air drawn

into a compressor from the
atmosphere. After compression and
cooling the air is returned to the
original temperature but it is at high
pressure
Suppose atmospheric condition are
Pa Ta and Va(the FAD) and the
compressed condition are p , V and T

Some definations

Bore = Cylinder diameter.

Stroke = Distance through which the piston moves.
The two extreme positions of the piston are known as
head-end and crank-end dead centers.
Clearance Volume (Cl) : Volume occupied by the fluid
when the piston is
at head-end dead centre.
Piston Displacement (PD) : Volume, a piston sweeps
through.
Compression Ratio (rv) : Ratio of cylinder volume with
the piston at crank-end dead centre to the cylinder
volume with the piston at head-end dead centre.
Mechanical Efficiency :
which gives an
indication of the
losses occurring between the piston and driving shaft.

Compressor Efficiency
Definitions
Isothermal Efficiency
Isothermal Efficiency =

IsothermalPower
Actual measured input power

Isothermal power(kW) = P1 x Q1 x loger/36.7

P1
Q1
r

=
=
=

Absolute intake pressure kg/ cm2

Free air delivered m3/hr.
Pressure ratio P2/P1

Compressor Efficiency
Definitions
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Compressor Displacement

=
=

D
L
S

=
=
=
=

Free air delivered m 3 /min

Compressor displacement
x D2 x L x S x x n
4
Cylinder bore, metre
Cylinder stroke, metre
Compressor speed rpm
1 for single acting and
2 for double acting cylinders
No. of cylinders

Reciprocating
Compressors
Types

1. Single acting
The working fluid compressed at
only one side of the piston
2. Double acting
The working fluid compressed
alternately on both sides of the
piston.

Frame HN2T - 150NP

1Frame
Assly.
2Inner Head
Assly. (LP)
3Cylinder
Assly. (LP)
4Outer Head
Assly. (LP)
5Inner Head
Assly. (HP)
6Cylinder
Assly. (HP)
7Outer Head
Assly. (HP)

Frame, Cross Slide, Crank shaft and

Connecting rod assembly 1. Breather
22.
Crosshead
23. Cross
Head Nut
35.
Connectin
g Rod
40.Big End
Bearing
36.
Connectin
g rod Bolt
28,29.
Stud,Nut

Breather: A vent or valve to release

pressure
or to allow air to move freely around
something.
Crosshead: Is a mechanism used in large
and reciprocating compressors to eliminate
sideways pressure on the piston.
Connecting Rod: connects thepiston to
thecrank or crankshaft. Together with the
crank, they form a simple mechanism that
converts reciprocating motion into rotating
motion.

Crank Case

42. Belt wheel

13.Oil Seal Ring
18. Gasket for
Cover Flywheel
end
34. Crank Shaft
25. Internal Circlip
24. Cross Head Pin
26.Cross Head Pin
43. Oil Cooler
8. Cover for Oil
Pump end
41. Oil Pump
Assembly
44.Oil filter
12.Thrust washer

Oil Seal Ring :It prevent the oil the

oil to flow further
Gasket: is a mechanical seal which fills the space between
two or more mating surfaces, generally to prevent
leakage from or into the joined objects while under
compression.
Circlip: It is a type of fastenerorretaining ring
consisting of a semiflexible metal ring with open ends
which can be snapped into place, into amachinedgrooveon a
dowel pin or other part to permitrotationbut to
prevent lateralmovement. There are two basic types: I
nternal and external, referring to whether they
are fitted into a bore or over a shaft.

Cross Head Pin : It connects thepistonto

the
connecting rod and provides a
bearing for the connecting rod to pivot
upon as the piston moves.
Thrust washer: Thrust washers are longwearing flat bearings in the shape of a
washer that transmit and resolve axial
forces in rotating mechanisms to keep
components aligned
along a shaft.
Crank Pin/Gudgeon Pin: Connects the
pistonto the connecting rod and provides a
bearing for the connecting rod to pivot
upon as the piston moves

Piston Parts
1.Piston
Assemb
ly
2.Rider
Ring
3.Piston
Ring
4.Sleeve
for
piston

Piston Ring: Piston rings,

mounted on the pistons of

lubricated or non-lube (oil free)
compressors, are designed to
ensure that the gas is
compressed and to provide a
seal between the piston and the
cylinder.

Rider Ring:The function

of rider rings, used
mainly in oil free or
mini-lube compressors,
is to support or guide
the piston and rod
assembly and prevent
contact between the
piston and the cylinder
(risk of seizure).

Working:
Reciprocating

compressors
generally, employ piston-cylinder
arrangement where displacement
of piston in cylinder causes rise in
pressure.

Sequence of operation

Ideal indicator diagram

The total work interaction

per cycle :

Chicago Pneumatic: For over a century

Chicago Pneumatic has represented
tough tools designed to make tough jobs
Way back in 1889 John W. Duntley realized that construction
easier.
workers in particular had a need for many tools that werent
yet available. He founded Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company
and set out on a lifelong mission to provide all types of
industries and companies the tools necessary for their
success.

Over the years Duntley grew the company through product

innovation, always insisting on product quality and reliability.
Manufactures of air & gas compressors & pneumatic portable
tools like grinders demolition tools, pumps vibrators, rammers
hammers, etc.
Decades of innovation
1901Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company is incorporated, after
Duntley persuades youngsteel magnate Charles M.
Schwabto invest in the company

1925 CP seals an agreement to manufacture the Benz diesel engine ,

used in various racing cars in Europe at the time.
1930s Chicago Pneumatic construction and mining equipment is used in
the building of the
Lincoln Tunnel, New York
Triborough Bridge, New York
Chicago subway system
Boulder Dam, Arizona
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington
Eight dams comprising the Tennessee Valley Authority flood control and
power generation project
Golden Gate suspension bridge, San Francisco
1940s In response to war effort demands, CP develops the hot
dimpling machine, a device that heats rivets to 1,000 degrees
Fahrenheit
1960s Chicago Pneumatic customizes tools for the production of new
aircraft designs: the Boeing 737 and 747,
1987 Atlas Copco acquires Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company

Chicago Pneumatic
Competition
Elgi

Equipment
Ingersoll rand
Revathi Cp

Definition
Anapparatusormachineforraising,driving,exha

usting fluid, bymeansofapiston,plunger,or

setofrotatingvanes

Principle of operation
Centrifugal force
(throwing)

Positive displacement
(physically pushing)

Type of Pumps
Pump Classification
Classified by operating principle
Pumps

Dynamic

Centrifugal

Others (e.g.
Impulse, Buoyancy)

Special effect

Internal
gear

Positive
Displacement

Rotary

External
gear

Reciprocating

Lobe

Slide
vane

Centrifugal Pumps

Most common type of pumping machinery. There are many types, sizes, and
designs from various manufacturers who also publish operating characteristics of
each pump in the form of performance (pump) curves. The device pictured on the
cover page is a centrifugal pump.
Pump curves describe head delivered, pump efficiency, and net positive suction
head (NPSH) for a properly operating specific model pump.
Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high flow rates and moderate head
increases are required.

Terms to be familiar
with
Impeller-

transmit
energy to
pressure
Volute-

water
passes and
pressure is
increased

Centrifugal Pumps

This machine consists of an

IMPELLER rotating within a
(diffuser)

case

Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impellers vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by
the rotation of the impeller and
discharged by
centrifugal force
into the case (diffuser).

Working principles
centrifugal pumps

"Head"

Head is a term for expressing feet of water

column

Head can also be converted to pressure

Reservoir
of Fluid

100
feet

43.3 PSI

Pressure
Gauge

Head
Head

and pressure are

interchangeable terms provided
that they are expressed in their
correct units.
The conversion of all pressure
terms into units of equivalent
head simplifies most pump
calculations.

Conversion Factors Between

Head and Pressure
Head

(feet of liquid) =Pressure in PSI x

2.31 / Sp. Gr.
Pressure in PSI = Head (in feet) x Sp.
Gr. / 2.31
PSI is Pounds per Square Inch
Sp. Gr. is Specific Gravity which for
water is equal to 1
For a fluid more dense than water, Sp.
Gr. is greater than 1
For a fluid less dense than water, Sp.
Gr. is less than 1

Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes
Eye of the
Impeller
Water
Entrance
Thicker

Diameter of
the Impeller

Thickness
of the impeller

the Impeller- More Water

Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and
Pressure

Two-Stage Centrifugal
Pumps
Two

Impellers
within a single
housing
Allow delivery
in
Volume(parallel
) or Pressure
(series)

Thrust balance in a multi-stage pump

Positive Displacement
To move
fluids positive displacement pumps admit a fixed volume of
Pumps
liquid from the inlet into a chamber and eject it into the discharge.
Positive displacement pumps are used when higher head increases are
required. Generally they do not increase velocity.

Reciprocating Pumps

Piston type

Plunger type

Diaphragm pump

Vertical& Horizontal & double acting

Reciprocating pumps

Explain double acting, plunger type ,

vertical, horizontal, multistage

Diaphragm pumps

Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

Basic principle is similar to a reciprocating plunger pump/

Plunger pressurizes the hydraulic oil which when pressurized pushes the
diaphragm and discharge starts.
Stroke length can be adjusted and hence the dosing flow rate.
No direct contact of plunger with the solution.
Direct contact is only with diaphragm ( neoprene, Teflon etc)

Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

Figure 1: The air valve directs

pressurized air to the back side of
diaphragm "A". The compressed air is
applied directly to the liquid column
separated by elastomeric diaphragms.
The compressed air moves the
diaphragm away from the center block
of the pump. The opposite diaphragm is
pulled in by the shaft connected to the
pressurized diaphragm. Diaphragm "B"
is now on its air exhaust stroke; air
behind the diaphragm has been forced
out to atmosphere through the exhaust
port of the pump. The movement of
diaphragm "B" toward the center block
of the pump creates a vacuum within the
chamber "B". Atmospheric pressure
forces fluid into the inlet manifold
forcing the inlet ball off its seat. Liquid
is free to move past the inlet valve ball
and fill the liquid chamber.

Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

Figure 2: When the pressurized

diaphragm, diaphragm"A", reaches
the limit of its discharge stroke, the
air valve redirects pressurized air to
the back side of diaphragm "B". The
pressurized air forces diaphragm "B"
away from the center block while
pulling diaphragm "A" to the center
block. Diaphragm "B" forces the inlet
valve ball onto its seat due to the
hydraulic forces developed. These
same hydraulic forces lift the
discharge valve ball, forcing fluid
flow to flow through the pump
discharge. The movement of
diaphragm "A" to the center block of
the pump creates a vacuum within
liquid chamber "A". Atmospheric
pressure forces fluid into the inlet
manifold of the pump. The inlet valve
ball is forced off its seat allowing the
fluid being transferred to fill the

Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

Figure 3: Upon completion of the

stroke, the air valve again redirects
air to the back side of diaphragm
"A", and starts diaphragm "B" on
its air exhaust stroke. As the pump
reaches its original starting point,
each diaphragm has gone through
one air exhaust or one fluid
discharge stroke. This constitutes
one complete pumping cycle. The
pump may take several cycles to
become completely primed
depending on the conditions of the
application.

Gear and screw

pumps
High pressure and viscous fluids
Used in Samd for lube and seal oil
pumps air booster of ammonia, 102J

Gear pumps
High pressure and viscous
fluids
Example : lube/ seal oil pumps

See the solution is pushed out of

the pump physically

Only one gear is used ( Explain)