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Chapter 3
Load and Stress Analysis
Chapter Outline
Fig. 3-1
Internal
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
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Fig. 34
The
The
Shear-Moment Diagrams
Fig. 35
Fig. 324
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Add
Fig. 324
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Singularity Functions
A notation
useful
for integrating
across
discontinuities
Angle brackets
indicate special
function to
determine whether
forces and moments
are active
Table 31
Example 3-2
Fig. 3-5
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Example 3-2
Example 3-2
Example 3-3
Fig. 3-6
Example 3-3
Example 3-3
Fig. 3-6
Stress
stress is normal to a surface, designated by
Tangential shear stress is tangent to a surface, designated by
Normal stress acting outward on surface is tensile stress
Normal stress acting inward on surface is compressive stress
U.S. Customary units of stress are pounds per square inch (psi)
SI units of stress are newtons per square meter (N/m2)
1 N/m2 = 1 pascal (Pa)
Normal
Stress element
Represents
stress at a point
Coordinate directions are arbitrary
Choosing coordinates which result in zero shear stress will
produce principal stresses
a body
Each surface can have normal and shear stress
Shear stress is often resolved into perpendicular components
First subscript indicates direction of surface normal
Second subscript indicates direction of shear stress
Fig. 38 (a)
Fig. 37
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a body
Each surface can have normal and shear stress
Shear stress is often resolved into perpendicular components
First subscript indicates direction of surface normal
Second subscript indicates direction of shear stress
Plane
Fig. 38
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Fig. 39
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Differentiating
Note
stress.
There are always three extreme-value shear stresses.
The
xy2
Fig. 310
Example 3-4
Fig. 311
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Example 3-4
Example 3-4
Fig. 311
Example 3-4
Fig. 311
Example 3-4
Fig. 311(d)
Example 3-4
Example 3-4
Principal stress
orientation
Max shear
orientation
Fig. 312
Maximum
Fig. 312
Elastic Strain
Hookes law
Elastic Strain
For
Elastic Strain
Hookes law
for shear:
For
Fig. 314
Example 3-5
Fig. 315
Dimensions in mm
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Example 3-5
Example 3-5
Example 3-5
Example 3-5
Two-Plane Bending
Consider
For
Example 3-6
Fig. 316
Example 3-6
Fig. 316
Example 3-6
Example 3-6
Fig. 317
Fig. 318
Transverse
stress.
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Table 32
Example 3-7
Fig. 320
Example 3-7
Fig. 320(b)
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Example 3-7
Fig. 320(c)
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Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Torsion
Torque
Fig. 321
Maximum
conditions
Pure torque
Remote from any discontinuities or point of application of
torque
Material obeys Hookes law
Adjacent cross sections originally plane and parallel remain
plane and parallel
Radial lines remain straight
Depends on axisymmetry, so does not hold true for
noncircular cross sections
Consequently, only applicable for round cross sections
A convenient
where H = power, W
n = angular velocity, revolutions per minute
Example 3-8
Fig. 322
Example 3-8
Fig. 323
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-9
Fig. 324
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Example 3-9
Fig. 324
Example 3-9
Fig. 324
Example 3-9
Example 3-9
Fig. 324
Example 3-9
Fig. 325
Am
Angular
Lm
Example 3-10
Fig. 326
Example 3-10
Example 3-11
shear stress
Example 3-12
Example 3-12
Example 3-12
Stress Concentration
Localized
available for
standard configurations
See Appendix A-15 and
A-16 for common
examples
Many more in Petersons
Stress-Concentration
Factors
Note the trend for higher
Kt at sharper discontinuity
radius, and at greater
disruption
radius
Reduce disruption
Allow dead zones to shape flowlines more gradually
Example 3-13
Fig. 330
Example 3-13
Fig. A15 1
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Example 3-13
Example 3-13
Fig. A155
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Tangential
Fig. 331
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Fig. 332
Thin-Walled Vessels
Cylindrical
the radius
Radial stress is quite small compared to tangential stress
Average tangential stress
Maximum
tangential stress
Longitudinal
Example 3-14
Example 3-14
If
Fig. 333
For
For
Temperature Effects
Normal
Fig. 334
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of neutral axis
Stress
distribution
Stress
Example 3-15
Fig. 335
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Example 3-15
Fig. 335(b)
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Example 3-15
Fig. 335
with rn rc
Substituting
Example 3-16
Contact Stresses
Two
distribution is hemispherical
Maximum pressure at the center of
contact area
Fig. 336
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of three principal
stress and maximum
shear stress as a function
of distance below the
contact surface
Note that max peaks
below the contact surface
Fatigue failure below the
surface leads to pitting
and spalling
For poisson ratio of 0.30,
max = 0.3 pmax
at depth of
z = 0.48a
Fig. 337
Area
Maximum
pressure
Fig. 338
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stresses on z axis
of stress
components and
maximum shear
stress as a function
of distance below
the contact surface
For poisson ratio
of 0.30,
max = 0.3 pmax
at depth of
z = 0.786b
Fig. 339
Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design