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What are ceramics?

Classification of ceramics
Thermal Properties of ceramics
Optical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Properties
Ceramic Processing
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http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf

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http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf

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Periodic table with ceramics compounds

indicated by a combination of one or more
metallic elements (in light color) with one or
more nonmetallic elements (in dark color).

To be most frequently silicates, oxides, nitrides

and carbides

Typically insulative to the passage of

electricity and heat

More resistant to high temperatures and harsh

environments than metals and polymers

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Hard but very brittle

4

ceramics that are predominantly ionic in nature

have crystal structures comprised of charged ions,
where positively-charged (metal) ions are called
cations, and negatively-charged (non-metal) ions
are called anions the crystal structure for a given
ceramic depends upon two characteristics:

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1. the magnitude of electrical charge on

eachcomponent ion, recognizing that the
overallstructure must be electrically neutral

2. the relative size of the cation(s) and

anion(s),which determines the type of
interstitial site(s) for the cation(s) in an anion
lattice

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Rock salt structure(AX)(NaCl )

Fluorite structure(AX2)(CaF2)

Perovskite structure(ABX3)(BaTiO3) Spinel structure(AB2X4)(MgAl2O4)

http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021b_2007/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2012-13%20SN%20-%20Ceramics.pdf

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Include point defects and impurities

Non-stoichiometry refers to a change in
composition
the effect of non-stoichiometry is a redistribution
of the atomic charges to minimize the energy
Charge neutral defects include the Frenkel
defects(a vacancy- interstitial pair of cations) and
Schottky defects (a pair of nearby cation and
anion vacancies)
Defects will appear if the charge of the impurities
is not balanced
8

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Extreme hardness
High wear resistance
Extreme hardness can reduce wear caused
by friction
Corrosion resistance
Heat resistance
Low electrical conductivity
Low thermal conductivity
Low thermal expansion
Poor thermal shock resistance
9

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Low ductility
Very brittle
High elastic modulus
Low toughness
Low fracture toughness
Indicates the ability of a crack or flaw to
produce a catastrophic failure
Low density
Porosity affects properties
High strength at elevated temperatures
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Property
Polymer

Ceramic

Metal

Hardness

Very High

Low

Very Low

Elastic modulus

Very High

High

Low

Thermal expansion
Wear resistance

High
High

Corrosion resistance High

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Low

Very Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

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Property
Polymer

Ceramic Metal

Ductility

Low

High

High

Density

Low

High

Very Low

Electrical conductivity Depends

on material

High

Low

Thermal conductivity Depends

on material

High

Low

Magnetic

High

Very Low

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Depends
on material

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13

Traditional Ceramics

the older and more generally known

types (porcelain, brick, earthenware,
etc.)

Based primarily on natural raw

materials of clay and silicates

Applications;
building materials (brick, clay pipe,
glass)
household goods (pottery, cooking
ware)
manufacturing ( abbrasives,
electrical devices, fibers)

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Traditional Ceramics
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Advanced Ceramics

have been developed over the past

half century

Include
exhibit

artificial

raw

specialized

require

more

materials,
properties,

sophisticated

processing

Applied as thermal barrier coatings

to protect metal structures,
wearing surfaces,

Engine applications (silicon nitride

(Si3N4), silicon carbide (SiC),
Zirconia (ZrO2), Alumina (Al2O3))

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bioceramic implants
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Oxides
CERAMIC
S

Nonoxides
Composit
e

Oxides: Alumina, zirconia

Non-oxides: Carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of
oxides and non-oxides
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Oxide Ceramics:

Oxidation resistant

chemically inert

electrically insulating

generally low thermal

conductivity

slightly complex manufacturing

low cost for alumina

more complex manufacturing

higher cost for zirconia.

zirconia
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17

Non-Oxide Ceramics:

Low oxidation resistance

extreme hardness

chemically inert

high thermal conductivity

electrically conducting

difficult energy dependent

manufacturing and high cost.
Silicon carbide cermic foam filter (CFS)
http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.made-inchina.com/image/2f0j00avNtpdFnLThyM/Silicon-Carbide-Ceramic-FoamFilter-CFS-.jpg&imgrefurl

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Ceramic-Based
Composites:

Toughness

low and high oxidation

resistance (type related)

variable thermal and

electrical conductivity

complex manufacturing
processes

high cost.

Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) rotor

http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.oppracing.com/images/cmsuploads/Large_Images/braketec
h%2520cmc%2520rotor%2520oppracing%2520cbr1000rr.jpg&imgrefurl

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amorphous

CERAMIC
S

Amorphous

the atoms exhibit only short-

crystalline

range order

no distinct melting temperature

(Tm) for these materials as there
is with the crystalline materials

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Na20, Ca0, K2O, etc

Amorphous silicon and thin film PV cells

http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://simeonintl.com/sitebuilder/images/A-Si_Solar510x221.jpg&imgrefurl=http://simeonintl.com/Solar.html&usg=__ktCHUAO742PE0hh3U1fGw8go
PrM=&h=221&w=510&sz=17&hl=tr&start=68&sig2=9OC7pTtJz2SuK_AKdrqTAA&um=1&tbnid=x
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QRh5yfCftf89M:&tbnh=57&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Damorphous%2Bceramic%26ndsp
%3D18%26hl%3Dtr%26rlz%3D1G1GGLQ_TRTR320%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54%26um
%3D1&ei=9Kv1SrTfAoej_gbrz6WtAw

Crystalline

atoms (or ions) are arranged in

a regularly repeating pattern
in three dimensions (i.e., they
have long-range order)

Crystalline ceramics are the

Engineering ceramics
High melting points
Strong

a ceramic (crystalline) and a glass (non-crystalline)

Hard
Brittle
Good corrosion resistance
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most important thermal properties of ceramic materials:

Heat capacity : amount of heat required to raise material
temperature by one unit (ceramics > metals)

Thermal expansion coefficient: the ratio that a material

expands in accordance with changes in temperature

Thermal conductivity : the property of a material that

indicates its ability to conduct heat

Thermal shock resistance: the name given to cracking as a

result of rapid temperature change

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Thermal expansion

The coefficients of thermal

Comparison of thermal expansion coefficient between metals and fine ceramics

expansion depend on the bond

strength between the atoms that
make up the materials.

Strong bonding (diamond,

silicon carbide, silicon nitrite)
low thermal expansion
coefficient

Weak bonding ( stainless steel)

higher thermal expansion
coefficient in comparison with
fine ceramics

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Thermal conductivity

generally less than that of metals such as steel or copper

ceramic materials, in contrast, are used for thermal insulation

due to their low thermal conductivity (except silicon carbide,
aluminium nitride)

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http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/images/thermalcond_zu.gif

Thermal shock resistance

A large number of ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal shock

Some ceramic materials very high resistance to thermal shock is despite

of low ductility (e.g. fused silica, Aluminium titanate )

Result of rapid cooling tensile stress (thermal stress)cracks and

consequent failure

The thermal stresses responsible for the response to temperature stress

depend on:
-geometrical boundary conditions
-thermal boundary conditions
-physical parameters (modulus of elasticity, strength)

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REFRACTION
Light that is transmitted from one
medium into another, undergoes
refraction.
Refractive index, (n) of a material is
the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum (c = 3 x 108 m/s) to the speed
of light in that material.
n = c/v

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http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/ceramics/prin.html

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http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/ceramics/prin.html

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS

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Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7th Edition,

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
ABSORPTION
Color in ceramics
Most dielectric ceramics and
glasses are colorless.
By adding transition metals
(TM)
Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni

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Carter, C., B., Norton, M., G., Ceramic Materials Science And Engineering,

30

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIUR of selected materials

Al2O3

thermoplast
ic

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http://www.keramvaerband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_2.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
Flexural Strength
The stress at fracture using
this flexure test is known as
the flexural strength.
Flexure test :which a rod
specimen having either a
circular or rectangular cross
section is bent until fracture
using a three- or four-point
loading technique

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Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,

32

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Stress is computed from,
CERAMICS
specimen thickness
the bending moment
the moment of inertia of the cross section
For a rectangular cross section, the flexural strength

fs

is equal to,

L is the distance between support points

When the cross section is circular,

R is the specimen radius

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Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,

33

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS

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Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,

34

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Hardness
CERAMICS
Hardness implies a high
resistance to deformation and is
associated with a large modulus of
elasticity.
In metals, ceramics and most
polymers,
the
deformation
considered is plastic deformation of
the surface. For elastomers and
some polymers, hardness is defined
at the resistance to elastic
deformation of the surface.

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Technical ceramic
components
are
therefore
characterised by their stiffness
and dimensional stability.
Hardness is affected from
porosity in the surface, the grain
size of the microstructure and the
effects of grain boundary phases.

http://www.dynacer.com/hardness.htm
http://www.keramvaerband.de/brevier_eng/5/3/%_3_5.htm
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/Hardness.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Test procedures for determining the hardness according to Vickers, Knoop
CERAMICS
and Rockwell.
Some typical hardness values for ceramic materials are provided below:
MaterialClass

VickersHardness(HV)GPa

Glasses

510

Zirconias,AluminiumNitrides

10-14

Aluminas,SiliconNitrides

15-20

SiliconCarbides,Boron
Carbides

20-30

CubicBoronNitrideCBN

40-50

Diamond

6070>

The high hardness of technical ceramics results in favourable wear resistance.

Ceramics are thus good for tribological applications.
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http://www.dynacer.com/hardness.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
Elastic modulus
The elastic modulus E [GPa] of almost
all oxide and non-oxide ceramics is
consistently higher than that of steel.
This results in an elastic deformation of
only about 50 to 70 % of what is found
in steel components.
The high stiffness implies, however, that
forces
experienced
by
bonded
ceramic/metal
constructions
must
primarily be taken up by the ceramic
material.

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http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/4/5_3_4.htm

37

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
Density
The density, (g/cm) of
technical ceramics lies
between 20 and 70% of the
density of steel.
The relative density, d [%],
has a significant effect on
the properties of the
ceramic.

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http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/4/5_3.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
A comparison of typical mechanical characteristics of some ceramics with grey
cast-iron and construction steel

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http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_2.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Change in elastic modulus with the amount of
CERAMICS
porosity in SiOC ceramic foams obtained from a
Porosity
preceramic polymer

Technical ceramic materials have

no open porosity.
Porosity can be generated through
the appropriate selection of raw
materials, the manufacturing
process, and in some cases
through the use of additives.
This allows closed and open pores
to be created with sizes from a few
nm up to a few m.

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http://www.ucl.ac.uk/cmr/webpages/spotlight/articles/colombo.htm

http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/5_3_2.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Strength
CERAMICS
Strength distribution within batches

The figure for the strength of

ceramic materials, [MPa] is
statistically distributed depending
on
the material composition
the grain size of the initial
material and the additives
the production conditions
the manufacturing process

http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/3/5_3_3.htm

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
Toughness

Ability of material to resist

fracture
affected from,
temperature
strain rate
relationship between the strenght
and ductility of the material and
presence of stress concentration
(notch) on the specimen surface

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http://www.subtech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=fracture_toughness

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS
Some typical values of
fracture toughness for
various materials

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_toughness

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Electrical conductivity of ceramics varies with

The

charge transport mechanisms are frequency

dependent.
The

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Frequency of field applied effect

temperature effect

The activation energy needed for charge

migration is achieved through thermal energy
and immobile charge career becomes mobile.

44

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Most of ceramic materials are

dielectric. (materials, having very low
electric conductivity, but supporting
electrostatic field).
Dielectric ceramics are used for
manufacturing capacitors, insulators
and resistors.

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Despite of very low electrical conductivity of most of the ceramic

materials, there are ceramics, possessing superconductivity
properties (near-to-zero electric resistivity).

Lanthanum (yttrium)-barium-copper oxide ceramic may be

superconducting at temperature as high as 138 K. This critical
temperature is much higher, than superconductivity critical
temperature of other superconductors (up to 30 K).

The critical temperature is also higher than boiling point of liquid

Nitrogen (77.4 K), which is very important for practical application
of superconducting ceramics, since liquid nitrogen is relatively low
cost material.

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Crushing &
Grinding (to get
ready ceramic powder
for shaping)

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Ceramic powder is converted into a

useful shape at this step.

Processing techniques

Tape casting
Slip casting
Injection molding

http://janereynoldsceramics.co.uk/images/ceramic1.jpg

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A suspension of seramic powders in water , slip, is

poured into a porous plaster mold
Water from the mix is absorbed into the plaster to
form a firm layer of clay at the mold surface
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http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/first/process06.html

Raw

materials are mixed with resin to provide the necessary fluidity

degree.
Then injected into the molding die
The mold is then cooled to harden the binder and produce a "green"
compact part (also known as an unsintered powder compact).
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51

Slip Casting

Mixed raw materials are

combined with solvating
media and a dispersant
Then fed into an absorbent
die.
The materials are
dehydrated and solidified

Injection molding

raw materials are

mixed with resin.
Then fed injected into
the molding die
The mold is then cooled
to harden the binder.
52

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Water must be removed from clay

piece before firing

Shrinkage is a problem during drying.

Because water contributes volume to
the piece, and the volume is reduced
when it is removed.

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