Different Systems of

Treatment Plants

BIO-CLEAR Packaged Treatment Plant

The Bio-Clear packaged sewage treatment system is designed for developments like hospitals,
hotels, and rural communities that are required to treat wastewater to levels suitable for
discharge.
The multi-stage treatment process includes screening, diffused aeration, clarification, sludge
recirculation, sludge digestion, filtration, and disinfection. Pre-engineered modular components
such as diffused air blowers, aeration tanks, sludge holding tanks, clarifiers, and disinfection units
allow for the package plants to be sized specifically for the customer's application.
How it Works
Wastewater enters the package plant first passing through a bar screen for large solids removal. In
the equalization tank water is retained to create a homogenous mixture prior to treatment. Upon
entry into the aeration basin, water is mixed with an active biomass in a rolling action which takes
place over the length and width of the chamber. The chambers are filleted on each side and the
bottom to enhance the rolling motion and eliminate any "dead zones" in the tank. This design
feature also minimizes the accumulation of scum and froth in the aeration tank.
After sufficient contact time in the aeration chamber, water flows into the clarifier and solids settle
in the hopper-bottom tank. Solids are recirculated through the system or withdrawn as needed.
Clean water flows through the clarifier into the clearwell where it is re-pressurized and passed
through the tertiary filters and disinfection systems.

BIO-CLEAR Packaged Treatment Plant

Zeo-Clear Package Treatment

Plant

Perfect for the needs of smaller populations, communities, camps, resorts & similar sized applications, the
Zeo-Clear is a one-of-a-kind biological treatment system built inside a standard ISO shipping container.
Based on the activated sludge process, the Zeo-Clear produces excellent effluent quality. Zeo-Clear systems
integrate secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment together in one stage with natural zeolite rock. The
microporous structure of zeolite fosters the growth of a microbial population while creating microscopic anoxic
zones which helps with nutrient removal. Treated effluents are typically of high enough quality to discharge to
percolation fields. An extra level of filtration can be added to treat the water to levels suitable for in-home
reuse or discharge to surface waterways.
The Zeo-Clear is completely pre-fabricated, pre-wired, and pre-plumbed. This makes installation as easy as
supplying power and water.
The Zeo-Clear advantage
The plug-and-play Zeo-Clear system removes the need for costly infrastructure and saves time in making
remote worksites, communities, camps and resorts operational. Zeo-Clear Systems can be installed and
brought on-line in a fraction of the time it would take to build a dedicated wastewater treatment facility at a
remote worksite. The self-contained unit also provides a significant savings in capital and operation expenses.
The Zeo-Clear delivers an average reduction in energy costs of 20 percent.
With the Zeo-Clear solution, we empower companies to move quickly into new regions and maintain a
competitive advantage. The Zeo-Clear system is completely off-the-grid, self-sustainable and portable, making
the most remote locations in the world feasible places to do business.

Zeo-Clear Package Treatment Plant

Water treatment for mining

Mining Industry Segments

Mining in one form or another has existed. Since ancient times. The modern
industry has evolved by incorporating gradual improvements into common
practice. Mining in the United States can be classified in several ways.
The classification used in this chapter recognizes four segments:

Hardrock

Sand and gravel

Industrial (soft rock) minerals

Coal

Hard Rock
Hard rock mining produces ore for a variety of metals and minerals in the
United States. Typical operations at hard rock mines, whether underground
or open pit, include drilling, blasting, ore transporting and stockpiling, and,
usually, size reduction.
Water use in the context of hard rock mining refers to process water that is
necessary for routine functioning of the mine-mill complex, and not to
incidental water such as excess mine water, accumulated precipitation, or
other nuisance sources of water that must be dissipated.
Hard rock mines typically require water for drilling, and for any associated
size reduction facilities. Water consumption can be stated in terms of
gallons of water per ton of ore produced, except for production drilling and
site dust control.

Sand and Gravel

Sand and gravel are widely used as bedding material, in preparation of
concrete mixes, and in many other construction applications. An estimated
go percent of commercial sand and gravel is produced from loose
material. Only about 10 percent comes from hard rock. The following
discussion describes water use during sand and gravel production from
loose deposits.

Step I. In a typical operation, rock less than 12

Step 5. a. The size fraction that passes the

inches, long dimension, is screened through

screen drops into a tank (or vat) from which

coarse bar screens (grizzlies) and the passing

sand size material ( 3/ 16 inch to 1/4 inch and below)

material is crushed in a jaw crusher to intermediate is withdrawn with a sand screw (about
size rock.

half of the installations). b. As an alternative,

Step 2. Coarse-crushed rock passes through a

the fraction passing through the screen may be

three-level screen, and oversize material is returnedclassified according to size in a gravity classifier
to the jaw crusher.

(about half of the installations) to recover

Step 3. The smallest, sand size fraction is

the sand fraction.

stockpiled for use in concrete, while the intermediate

Step 6. Clays and silts are sent to a settling
size rock fraction is either stockpiled

pond, from which decanted water is returned

for aggregate (nominally 1 inch and below), or

for use in the process.

is further crushed in a gyratory cone crusher.

Step 4. Crushed intermediate material is
screened, and oversized material is returned to
the cone crusher, or further processed in a
rolling mill or a vertical impact mill, depending
on product specifications.

Water treatment
There are a number of different treatment technologies available to clean
contaminated water; these technologies can be described as either active
or passive. Active treatment technologies require the input of energy and
chemicals, and passive treatment uses only natural processes such as
gravity, microorganisms, and/or plants in a system, any one of which
requires infrequent but regular maintenance. The treatment technology
used at a mine depends on how polluted the water is, what chemicals need
to be removed, how much water requires treatment, and the required
discharge water quality standards.

Active water treatment

Active water treatment is the most common form of water treatment at working mines.
Sophisticated software is used to predict the chemistry of theeffluentprior to mine
construction, and appropriate water treatment technologies are chosen accordingly. Mine
waters are often acidic, and require the addition of lime, limestone, or caustic soda to raise the
pH. [3] Once the pH has been elevated, dissolved metals precipitate out of solution and sink to
the bottom of settling or sedimentation ponds, where they can be removed. Chemicals known
as coagulants or flocculants may be added in order to combine smaller particles into larger
clumps which settle out of the water more quickly.
Depending on the desired final water quality, a mine may also use other technologies including
ion exchangers,membrane filters, andreverse osmosis. The semi-solid portion or sludge
removed from the water is dried and disposed of either underground in the mine, or in a waste
disposal facility. Because of the high maintenance and disposal costs of active treatment, ways
to recycle the sludge are being explored, such as the production ofmarketable iron concentrate
fromacid rock drainagefrom coal mines. However, the majority of sludge has little economic
value and is handled as waste. In extreme cases where the sludge is rich in cadmium orarsenic
, it may be classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.

Passive water treatment

Passive water treatment is usually combined with watermonitoring programs, and takes
advantage of natural physical, chemical, and biological processes that remove water
contaminates without additional physical or chemical inputs. Examples of these processes
include bacteria-controlled metal precipitation, contaminate uptake by plants, and filtration
through soil and sediments. Although passive water treatment has been used successfully to
treat municipal wastewater and urban runoff, its use in the mining industry is still under
development, largely because of the challenge of treating highly acidic waters. Despite these
challenges, low operation and maintenance costs continue to generate interest in passive water
treatment, especially for use after mine closure.
Constructed wetlandsare the most common form of passive water technology. Constructed
wetlands act as natural purification systems which are capable of filtering and removing many
contaminates before they are transported into marine or freshwater environments. [3] However,
it is difficult to achieve ideal contaminate removal conditions, and passive water treatment
currently requires ongoing maintenance and treatment.