Module - Upgridding & Advanced Upscaling

Upgridding
Variability Upgridding
Flow-based Upgridding
Advanced Layering
Multiphase Upscaling
Steady State w/ known satn
Constant Fractional Flow
Constant Capillary Pressure
Other Options
Multi-level Upscaling

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-1

Upgridding: Coarsening of Property Models

Non-uniform coarsening of

fine grid property model in

IJK directions.
Lump neighbouring rows,
columns or layers based on
flux or property similarity.
Variance based.
Flux based.
Manual grouping.
Conversion to simulation
grid.
Advanced FloGrid

38x13propertymodel

18x7fluxbasedUpgridding

18x7UniformUpgridding

Day1-2

Geo-cellular Property Model

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-3

Upgridder Constraints
Only a single block unit at a time can be coarsened and
converted to corner point simulation grids.

Flux based upgridder is constrained to regular cell geometry

without inactive cells.
Available for GEOLITH property models.

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-4

Variability Upgridding
Compute total two-way variation for fine scale layers.

ak

pc
nk c
k

pc *

Ng = total number of fine scale layers.

Pc = property for cell c.
c* is cell just above cell c.
nk = total number of (active) cells in kth
fine layer.

t k 0.5(ak bk )

aN g 0

b0 0

Ng
k

ak

bk

Assign variation index to each layer.

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-5

Variability Upgridding
How many fine layers with high variation should be retained ?
Use variation index tk for making selection.
Maximum number of layers to lump into one simulation layer ?
The variance of the lumped simulation layer should not be more than
x % of the layer with maximum variance.
Simulation layer variance,

vs

b
k s

Grouping starts from base

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-6

Flow Based Upgridding

Compute total volumetric flux per layer, by lumping the solutions
of two single phase, incompressible flow simulations in the I and
J directions.

Create a flux index for each layer. Layer with maximum flux has
an index of 1.

Coarsening controls same as for variance based upgridding.

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-7

Upgridder: Guide to Layering

How to decide a layering scheme for 3D property model with
800 layers ?

The upgridder reports which groups of neighbouring fine

layers can be grouped together based on given criteria.

Set the vertical layering using property model based advanced

layering scheme.
Assumption - every layer is fairly homogeneous.
Advanced FloGrid

Day1-8

Advanced Layering Schemes

Set up table of simulation layer to property model layer

equivalence.
Variable proportion : specify number of layers and weights.
Variable thickness : specify number of layers and their thickness.
Top conforming: cells at the bottom will be truncated or
extended.
Bottom conforming : cells at the top will be truncated or
extended.
Apply block wide or unit wide layering.

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-9

Multiphase Scale Up
Fine -scale model

Coarse-scale model
SATNUM

Advanced FloGrid

Steady-state Scale
up with Known
Two-phase
upscaling
with Saturations
known saturations
notusedinthese
approximations

uw=0 uo=0pc=popw
k
rw
effective
uw=k pw Upscale
permebility to given
w
phase using single
phase upscaling
kro
uo=k po technique
o
Advanced FloGrid

Day1-12

Constant Capillary Pressure Upscaling

Constant capillary pressure upscaling

pc=pc_max

Fractionalflowcurveforfineblockb

Sw

s v

v
wb

pcb=pcb

K rp ( S w )
Pc

K p ( Sw )

K
pcb ( Sw ) vb

pc=pc_min

Sw=0.0

Sw=Sb

Advanced FloGrid

Sw=1.0

Day1-13

Constant Fractional Flow Upscaling

Constant fractional flow upscaling
Fractionalflowcurveforfineblockb

fw=1.0

Sw

fw=fb

s v

v
wb

K rp ( S w )
Pc

K p ( Sw )

K
pcb ( Sw ) vb

fw=0.0
Sw=0.0

Advanced FloGrid

Sw=Sb

Sw=1.0

Day1-14

Additional Methods
Constant saturation
Capillary Pressure pore volume weighted.
Relative Permeability uses single phase method for
permeability.

Majority vote
Pore volume weighted SATNUM and saturation end points.

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-15

Binning Curves
Provide or compute reduced set of characteristic curves ~

Templates.
Compare upscaled curves for each cell with template curves.
Create new curve set bin using template curves if required.
Assign SATNUM to cell with reference to bin.
Compute end point scaling arrays

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-16

Scales of Measurement
B Window

Advanced FloGrid

B Pixel

Scale, m

B
B

B
B

B
B

B
B

Coarse sand

B
B
B

Clay

Seismic

Well test

Grid block

Wireline log

Whole core

Core plug

Miniperm

CT

SEM

TEM

B
B

MRI

1x10 4
1x10 3
1x10 2
1x10 1
1x10 0
1x10 -1
1x10 -2
1x10 -3
1x10 -4
1x10 -5
1x10 -6
1x10 -7
1x10 -8
1x10 -9

Multi-level Upscaling
Si mulati on M ode l

upsca le
G eol ogi cal M ode l

Upscale

popula te

popul a te

Di r ec ti onal Pr ope rty

Re cords
upsca l e

upsca l e

Upsc al eFr om

Populate

popul at e

popul at e

popul at e

popul at e
Di r ec ti onal Pr ope rty
Re cords

upsc a le

upsc al e

upsc a le

Upsc al eFr om
popul a te

Merge

popul at e

popula t e

popul at e
Di r ec ti onal Pr ope rty
Re cords

me rge

m erge
Uni -di r ec tional Pr ope r ty
Rec or ds

Advanced FloGrid

Unidirectional property

Multilevel Upscaling

Fine scale
heterogeneities
affect displacement
processes

Lamina-scale (mm to cm)

High level of detail

is intractable in
Reservoir
Simulation

Bed-scale (cm to m)

Formation-scale
(m to100's m)

Advanced FloGrid

End of Module

Master Presenta
tion

Advanced FloGrid

Day1-20