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counter-diffusion)
Lecture [ 5 ]
Again, consider constituent A and constituent B but now from a spherical droplet rather
than a planar surface :
droplet
radius = R1
radius = r
NA
NB
system
boundary
radius = R2
Mass balance in the volume between R1 and r: (OUT IN = 0) :
A(r)
4r 2 N A ( R1 ) 4R 1
R 12 N A ( R1 ) r 2 N A ( r )
(5.1)
Recalling Ficks 1st law (equation 3.4), expressed using mole fractions:
N A N A N B y A D AB c
m2
mol
mol
2
2
m s
m .s
s
and when
NB = - NA
y A
z
mol m 3
(5.2)
N A ( r ) D AB c
y A
r
(5.3)
Lecture [ 5 ]
Combining equations 5.1 and 5.3 to eliminate N A(r) and integrating between R1 and R2:
R N A ( R1 )
2
1
R2
1
R 12 N A ( R1 )
r
R2
R1
A2
r
R N A ( R1 ) 2 D AB c y A
r
R1
y A1
y
r D AB c A
r
2
1
D AB c y A y AA12
y
1
1
N A ( R1 ) R 12
D AB c y A 2 y A1
R 2 R1
R1 R2
DAB c y A 2 y A1
R
R
1 2
N A( R1 ) R12
N A( R1 )
R2
c DAB y A 2 y A1
R2 R1 R1
N A( R1 )
c DAB
y A 2 y A1
R1
(5.4)
2
mol
1 mol m
2
3
s
m .s
m m
Lecture [ 5 ]
To develop an expression for the concentration profiles, consider a differential element (or
shell) some distance from the droplet:
droplet radius = R1
differential element
inside radius = r
outside radius = r+dr
NA
NB
system
boundary
radius = R2
4r 2 N A ( r )
r
r 2 N A(r)
r
(5.6)
y A
2
r
c
.
D
0
AB
integrating:
y A
2
r
c
.
D
A 0
AB
Lecture [ 5 ]
Integrating again:
A
c.D AB
r
r 2 dy A
A
1
. yA B
c.D AB r
(5.7)
Equation 5.7 can be used with the boundary conditions to create 2 simultaneous
equations for the constants A and B:
A
1
y A1 B
c D AB R 1
A
1
yA2 B
c D AB R 2
subtracting one of these equations from the other gives an expression for A:
R 1R 2
c D AB y A1 y A 2
R 2 R1
and using this expression for A with the first of the simultaneous equations to gives an
expression for B:
R2
( y y ) y A1
R 2 R 1 A1 A 2
4
Lecture [5]
R 1R 2
1
R2
. ( y A 2 y A1 ) y A
( y A 2 y A1 ) y A1
(R 2 R 1 ) r
(R 2 R 1 )
y A y A1
R 1R 2 1
1
.( y A1 y A 2 )
(R 2 R 1 ) R 1 r
(5.8)
yA
R1
NA
yA1
NB
R2
yA2
0
r
0
R1
R2
y A y A1
Lecture [ 5 ]
R 1R 2 1
1
.( y A1 y A 2 )
(R 2 R 1 ) R 1 r
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
yA
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
z/d=(r-R1)/(R2-R1)
Lecture [ 5 ]
m
N A ( R1 ) A( R1 )
t
R2
N A( R1 )
c DAB y A 2 y A1 (5.4)
R2 R1 R1
4
4
( R13 ) ( R13 )
m ( V )
4
R1
3
3
3R12
t
t
t
t
3
t
Combining:
4 R12
R1
4R12
t
1
R
1 1
R2
c D AB y A 2 y A1
R1
R1
R2
R1, 0
R12, 0
2
R1R1
R13, 0
c D AB
y A 2 y A1 t
c D AB y A 2 y A1 t
3R2
(5.5)
system
boundary
radius = R2
Lecture [ 6 ]
some general
radius = r
A(r)
4r 2 N A ( R1 ) 4R 1
R 12 N A ( R1 ) r 2 N A ( r )
(6.1)
Recalling Ficks 1st law (equation 3.4), expressed using vapour phase mole fractions:
N A N A N B y A D AB c
m2
mol
mol
2
2
m s
m .s
s
y A
z
mol m 3
(6.2)
N A(r )
D AB c y A
(1 y A ( r ) ) r
(6.3)
Lecture [ 6 ]
Combining equations 6.1 and 6.3 to eliminate N A(r) and integrating between R1 and R2:
R N A ( R1 )
2
1
1
R N A ( R1 )
r
2
1
D AB c y A
r
(1 y A ( r ) ) r
2
R2
R1
R2
A2
r
y A
R N A ( R1 ) 2 D AB c
r
(1 y A ( r ) )
R1
y A1
2
1
D AB c ln 1 y A y AA12
y
1
1
N A ( R1 ) R 12
D AB c ln 1 y A 2 ln 1 y A1
R 2 R1
1 yA2
R2
N A ( R1 )
c D AB ln
(6.4)
R 2 R1 R1
1
y
A
1
N A( R1 )
1 y A2
1
c DAB ln
R1
1
y
A1
(6.5)
2
mol
1 mol m
2
3
s
m .s
m m
Lecture [ 6 ]
To develop an expression for the concentration profile, consider a differential element (or
shell) some distance from the droplet:
droplet
radius = R1
differential element
inside radius = r
outside radius = r+dr
system
boundary
radius = R2
mass balance for the differential volume : (OUT IN = 0) :
4r 2 N A ( r )
r
r 2 N A(r)
r
(6.6)
2
r
c.D AB y A
0
1 y A r
integrating:
2
r
c.D AB y A
A0
1 y A r
10
Lecture [ 6 ]
Integrating again:
A
c.D AB
r
r2
dy A
1 y A
A
1
. ln 1 y A B
c.D AB r
(6.7)
Equation 5.7 can be used with the boundary conditions to create 2 simultaneous
equations for the constant A and B: :
A
1
ln 1 y A1 B
c D AB R 1
A
1
ln 1 y A 2 B
c D AB R 2
subtracting one of these equations from the other gives an expression for A:
1 y A2
R1 R2
c D AB ln
R2 R1
1 y A1
and using this expression for A with the first of the simultaneous equations to gives an
expression for B:
1 yA2
R2
ln
ln 1 y A1
R 2 R 1 1 y A1
11
Lecture [ 6 ]
1 yA2 1
1 yA2
R 1R 2
R2
. ln
. ln
ln 1 y A1
. ln 1 y A
R 2 R 1 1 y A1 r
R 2 R 1 1 y A1
1 yA
A1
ln
y A( r )
1 1
R1 r
1
1
R1 R 2
1 yA2
1 y A1
ln
1 y A2
1 1 y A1
1 y A1
1 1
R1 r
1
1
R1 R2
(6.8)
yA
R1
R2
yA1
yA2
0
r
0
R1
R2
12
1 yA2
y A f ( r ) 1 1 y A1
1 y A1
1 1
R1 r
1
1
R1 R 2
Lecture [ 6 ]
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
yA
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
z/d=(r-R1)/(R2-R1)
13
Lecture [ 6 ]
c A
cA
D AB
z
c
N A N A N A
mol
2
m s
mol
2
m s
mol m 3
m2
3
s
mol m
(6.9)
mol m 3
m
y A
N A N A N A y A
D
AB
c (6.10)
z
mol
m2 s
mol
m2 s
m2
s
mol m 3
m
yA ( )
y
N A z D AB c A (6.11)
0
y A ( 0 ) 1 y 1
A
NA
1 1 y
D AB c
ln A ( ) (6.12)
1 z 1 1 y A ( 0)
m 2 s mol m 3
mol
2
m
m s
CHE3063F
MASS TRANSFER
Version
4/3/16 08:42:18 AM
14
1 1 y A ( )
1
yA
1 1 1 y A ( 0 )
(6.13)
1
y
A ( 0 )
=0
NB = 0
=1
NB = - NA
= 0.5
=5
Lecture [ 6 ]
NB = -0.5 NA
NB = - 5 NA
y A( r )
CHE3063F
MASS TRANSFER
Version
1 1 y A2
1
1 1 1 y A1
1
1 1 y A1
4/3/16 08:42:18 AM
1 1
R r
1
11
R R
1 2
15
Assumptions:
yA(z=0)
z
NB
NA
glass
tube
yA(z=L)
liquid level
(changes with time)
L=f(t)
reservoir of
liquid A
) yA(z=L) = yA(sat)
This is an assumption of
thermodynamic equilibrium at the liquid
surface. Evaporation of the liquid
requires heat, so the apparatus may be
immersed in a temperature bath to
a) ensure isothermal conditions
b) Allow an accurate measurement of
the cell temperature
Lecture [ T1 ]
Joseph Stefan
(1835 1893)
was a Slovenian
physicist,
mathematician
and poet who
lived in Austria.
He made the first sensible
estimate of the temperature of the
sun's surface at 5430C, as well
as measurements of the thermal
conductivity of gases. He is best
known for stating that the total
radiation from a black body is
proportional to the fourth power of
its thermodynamic temperature.
Recalling the appropriate expression of Ficks 1 st law for NA (equation 4.2), we can create
a time-dependent version :
NA t
1 y A ( z L )
P.D AB
. ln
R.T.L( t )
1 y A ( z 0 )
(T1.1)
16
Lecture [ T1 ]
d 2
d 2
L(t )
NA
4
4
mol
1
3
2
m 2 m
m s
s
d 2
A
d 2
NA
L(t )
4 M A 1000
4
1
3
m
s
MA = molecular weight of A
A = liquid density of A
kg / m 3
mol
2
2 m
g / mol / g / kg m s
P D AB ln 1 y A( z L ) d 2
d 2
A
L (t )
4
M
1000
R T L(t )
4
L(t )
P DAB ln 1 y A( z L )
A
t
M A 1000
R T L (t )
L
M A P D AB ln 1 y A( z L ) t
t
L L(t )L
1000
T
A
0
0
2
(t)
L2( t 0 )
2
D AB
P D AB ln 1 y A ( sat ) t
1000 A R T
500 A R T L2( t ) L2( t 0 )
M A P ln 1 y A ( sat ) t
(T1.2)
17
Lecture [ T1 ]
Gases
D AB
1
P
D AB T1.5
rAB
A/k
[K]
H2
0.283
59.7
O2
0.347
106.7
N2
0.380
71.4
Air
0.371
78.6
CO
0.369
91.7
CO2
0.394
195.2
SO2
0.411
335.4
T 1 .5
1
1
M B
MA
AB
~ 10-5 m2/s
P rAB f
1
rA rB
2
rA
[nm]
(T1.3)
A B
k k
f(kT/AB
)
with:
1
1
MA
MB
f(kT/AB
)
D AB
kT/AB
accurate to 5%
18
10 3 T
D AB
1.75
1
1
M
M
A
B
P vA
13
vB
12
13 2
Lecture [ T1 ]
Note that this correlation is
not dimensionless!
DAB in [cm2/s],
T in [K]
P in [atm]
(T1.4)
Diffusion volumes (vi) for simple molecules, for use in the above equation further data is
available in Perry:
H2 7.07
Ar 16.1
D2 6.7
He 2.88
N2 17.9
O2 16.6
Air 20.1
Kr 22.8
CO 18.9
CO2 26.9
N2O 35.9
NH3 14.9
H2O 12.7
CClF
114.8
2
SF6 69.7
Cl2 37.7
Br2 67.2
SO2 41.1
(T1.5)
19