BLOOD

Physical Characteristics and Volume

Sticky
Opaque fluid
Metallic Taste
Color: Scarlet (Oxygen Rich)
Dull Red (Oxygen Poor)
Slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
38C or 100.4F
Men: 5-6 liters
Women: 4-5 liters

Transportation
Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids,
vitamins)
Hormones (steroids and thyroid hormones)
Waste (urea, uric acid)
Body Heat
Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide)

Components
Plasma
55% of the whole blood
Water
Salts (Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium,
Magnesium, Chloride,
Bicarbonate)
Plasma Proteins (Albumin,
Fibrinogen,
Globulins)
Substances transported by
blood

Components
Buffy Coat
1% of the whole blood
Thin, Whitish layer
Leukocytes(4,800
10,800)
Platelets (250,000
400,000)

Erythrocytes
(RBC)
45% of the whole blood
4-6 million
Hematocrit (blood
fraction)

Plasma
PLASMA PROTEINS
Albumin
Important in blood buffer
Keeps water in the bloodstream

Fibrinogen

Clotting of blood

Globulins

Defense (antibodies)
Lipid Transport

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Anucleate; lack nucleus

Small and Flexible cells
Biconcave discs
Sacs of hemoglobin that carries oxygen
Make ATP by anaerobic mechanism
Outnumber WBC by about 1,000:1
Single RBC: 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Men: 13-18 g/ml
Women: 12-16 g/ml

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Anemia

lacking blood
Decrease in Oxygen
Lower than normal number of RBCs
Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content
Decrease in RBC number

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Types of Anemia
Direct Cause

Resulting from

Leading to

Decrease in RBC number

Sudden hemorrhage
Lysis of RBCs as a result
of bacterial infections
Lack of vitamin B12
Depression/destruction of
bone marrow by cancer,
radiation, or certain
medications

Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia

Inadequate hemoglobin
content in RBCs

Lack of iron in diet; RBCs

are small and pale
because they lack
hemoglobin

Iron-deficiency anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin in
RBCs

Genetic defect leads to

Sickle cell anemia
abnormal hemoglobin,
which becomes sharp and
sickle-shaped under
conditions of increased
oxygen use by body

Pernicious anemia
Aplastic anemia

Leukocytes (WBC)
Far less numerous than red blood cell
Crucial to body defense against disease
They are the only complete cells in the blood; that is,
they contain nuclei and the usual organelles.
Diapedesis - process of slipping of WBC into and out of
the blood vessels.
Positive Chemotaxis - locate areas of tissue damage
and infection in the body by responding to certain
chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells.
Amoeboid motion - form flowing cytoplasmic
extensions that help move them along.

Leukocytes (WBC)
Leukocytosis - total WBC count
aboce 11,000 cells/mm3.
Leukopenia - an abnormally low
WBC count.
Leukemia - bone marrow becomes
cancerous and huge numbers of
WBCs are turned out rapidly.

Leukocytes (WBC)
Classifications of WBC
1. Granulocytes are granule
containing WBCs.
. Neutrophils
. Eosinophils
. Basophils
2. Agranulocytes lack visible
cytoplasmic granules.
. Lymphocytes
. Monocytes

Leukocytes (WBC)
GRANULOCYTES
Neutrophils
Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains
fine granules; deep purple nucleus consists
of 3-7 lobes connected by thin strands of
nucleoplasm
Active phagocytes; number increases
rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Eosinophils
Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8
or Bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with
digestive enzymes; play a complex role in
allergy attacks

Leukocytes (WBC)
GRANULOCYTES
Basophils
Cytoplasm has a few large bluepurple granules; U- or S-shaped
nucleus with constrictions, stains
dark blue
Release histamine, at sites of
inflammation; contain heparin,
an anticoagulant

Leukocytes (WBC)
AGRANULOCYTES
Lymphocytes
Cytoplasm is pale blue and appears as thin rim
around nucleus; spherical dark purple-blue nucleus
Part of immune system; one group (B lymphocytes)
produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes)
involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and
viruses, via direct cell attack
Monocytes
Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple
nucleus often kidney-shaped
Active phagocytes that become macrophages in
the tissues; long-term cleanup team; increase in
number during chronic infections such as
tuberculosis

Leukocytes (WBC)
WBC Attacking a Bacteria

Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
Occurs in myeloid tissue (found in flat bones
of skull and pelvis, ribs, sternum, and
proximal epiphyses of the humerus and
femur)
All the formed elements arise from a common
type of stem cell, the hemocytoblast.

Hematopoiesis
RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION
1. RBCs have a life span of 100-120 days. Their
remains are eliminated by phagocytes in the
spleen, liver and other body tissues.
2. Lost cells are replaced by the division of
hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow.
3. The developing RBCs divide many times and
begin synthesizing huge amounts of hemoglobin.
4. When enough hemoglobin has been
accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles
are ejected and the cell collapses inward
resulting to the young RBC, reticulocyte.

Hematopoiesis
WHITE BLOOD CELL FORMATION AND PLATELETS
o COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS (CSFs)
AND INTERLEUKINS
- hormones stimulating the formation of
leukocytes and platelets.
o THROMBOPOIETIN
- hormone that accelerates the production of
platelets from megakaryocytes.

Hemostasis

Stoppage of bleeding
It is the first stage ofwound healing
Involves three major phases:
1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation

Hemostasis

Hemostasis
DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS
Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus - a clot that develops and persists in an
unbroken blood vessel.
Embolus - happens when a thrombus breaks away from
the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream.
Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia: insufficient number of circulating
platelets
Petechiae- red or purple spot on the skin.
Hemophilia- commonly called bleeders disease
- lack of any of the factors needed for clotting

Blood Transfusion
Bleeding:
15-30% blood loss -> pallor & weakness
30% + -> severe shock

Blood Transfusion:
Severe anemia / thrombocytopenia
Treated blood: stored at 4 C ; until 35 days

Human Blood Groups

Plasma membrane of RBC
Genetically determined proteins (antigens)
Antibodies recognizers
Attach to RBC bearing a different surface antigen

Agglutination
Clumping of RBCs
Foreign RBCs are ruptured and hemoglobin is released
to the bloodstream

Agglutinogens
RBC antigens that promote clumping

Agglutinins
Antibodies that bind agglutinogens together

Human Blood Groups

Other Effects of Transfusion Reaction:
Freed hemoglobin molecules may block the kidney tubules
Kidney Failure - > Death

Fever, chills, nausea and vomitting

30 common RBC Antigens in humans
Antigens of ABO and Rh blood groups
ABO blood groups
Two antigens: type A or type B
Absence of both = type O ; presence of both = type AB
Antigen A = anti-B antibodies ; Antigen B = anti-A antibodies

Human Blood Groups

Rh blood groups

One of the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)

Rhesus monkeys
Later discovered in humans
Rh- people form anti-Rh antibodies once exposed to Rh+
blood

Hematopoiesis
Hemolysis
Rupturing of RBCs

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Baby is anemic and becomes Hypoxic and Cyanotic

Blood Typing
Immune serum: anti-A and anti-B
Cross matching
Testing for agglutination
Donor s RBC -> recipients serum
Recipients RBC -> donors serum

Developmental Aspects of
Blood
Sites of blood cell formation before birth:
Fetal liver and spleen

7th month of development

Fetus red marrow -> chief site of Hematopoiesis

Day 28 of development
Embryonic blood cells

Fetal hemoglobin
Greater ability to pick up oxygen

Developmental Aspects of
Blood
Physiologic jaundice
Infant liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin
breakdown products in the bile fast enough

END