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TELEKOMUNIKASI
4
MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing
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multiplexing
1. Space Division Multiplex (SDM)
Skema original memisahkan sinyal untuk transmisi dan
switching contoh, analog telephone switching office
crossbar menyambungkan saluran telpon yang terpisah
dengan wiring matrix
Fasilitas didefinisikan sbg communication link akan tetapi
bisa juga didef. sbg pole line atau kabel pada SDM.
Contoh SDM dapat dilihat pada hal berikut :
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Contoh FDM
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No Channel 1
Little gap 4-5
Big gap 6-7
Going 54 - 59
Going 60 - 64
Gone 64-68
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1.
LANs: Not discussed in this chapter is the contentious use of a shared facility by many
sources and destinations where no intervening multiplexer devices are used. Instead, a
peer to peer access scheme is built into each device attached to the shared facility. This is
the basis of Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks, and in a most general
(but not necessarily in a specific sense) the Internet. We will discuss LANs, MANs, and
WANs later in the course and in future courses.
2.
CIRCUIT SWITCHING: The facility--communications link--is seized by one user for the
length of communications session. Such circuit switched schemes dedicate the entire path
until the entire message is completed. This is the concept behind telephone trunks or party
lines. That is, the transmission path is dedicated until session is ended. Everyone else has
to wait or take another path if available.
3.
PACKET SWITCHING: The facility is shared for one packet at a time (packet switched) by
many users. The route the packet takes is either dedicated or can be dynamic. This is the
basis of X.25 and ATM circuit switched networks and the Internet backbone.
4.
PAM, PCM, etc.: Individual frames or even down to individual coded samples are
interspersed in time slots on single communications links. This is the basis of TDM
multiplexers studied in Stallings Chapter 8.
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TDM MULTIPLEXERS :
A. Synchronous Multiplexers
- Each device is assigned a time slot in a fixed rotating manner
- Assigned time slots are unused when device is not active
- Latency is low since there is no processing other than delay
for placing sample into appropriate slot and recovering it
- Identification of user is by physical connection or equivalent
- Pulse Stuffing is necessary to account for (slightly) different
clocking of sources
- The concept is fully developed in T-carrier systems and
SONET which are good examples to study
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T-Carrier hierarchy
Definition: DS-x is data rate and T-x is scheme
Much involved combining of T-carriers into higher data rate systems
Difficult to separate out individual channels other than with basic T-1 requiring a
Digital Access and Cross-Connect System (DACS)
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Usually all devices can not be sending simultaneously for any length of time
The Service Ratio defines potential aggregate data rate need versus actual
capacity of communications link. This can be large number for dumb terminals
Stat mux schemes can employ data buffers to handle bursts of more data
being generated than can be put on communication channel
Latency is an issue since individual users may have to wait for available time
slot(s) directly or for the buffers to be emptied
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Contoh MULTIPLEXING
STAT MUX: CABLE MODEMS (DOCSIS)
FDM: xDSL
TDM: TOKEN RING AND ARCNET LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
(peer to peer controlled time slot schemes)
TDM: EITHERNET LOCAL AREA NETWORK (peers contend for
access to send packets)
FDM and TDM: IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS LANS
FDM, TDM, SPREAD SPECTRUM: CELLULAR AND
CORDLESS TELEPHONES (channelized FDM, TDMA, Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum,
CDMA)
You will get the chance to study all of these. Lets look at a few
interesting ones now
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DIGITAL
SUBSCRIBER
LINKS
(xDSL)
Uses Discrete
Multi-tone (DMT)
with 4 kHz spacing
Each tone uses
QAM
Can be
symmetrical or
asymmetrical
Data rates up to
multiple Mbps per
twisted pair lines
plus traditional
telephone
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