Relay Protection &

Accident Handling

Normal Abnormal Fault

Condition
equality constraintactive\reactive power

P P P
Gi

Lj

Q Q Q
Gi

Lj

inequality constraintcapacity voltage current frequency

S k S k .max

U i.min U i U i.max

I ij I ij.max

f min f f max

constraint

normal

abnormal

fault

equality

inequality

Abnormal Conditions
overloadcurrent increase

Abnormal Conditions
frequency increaseactive load

Tmec

n0

Pem
Tmec Pem

frequency dropload shedding

Tmec

n0

Pem 0
Tmec Pem

Abnormal Conditions
voltage increaseneutral indirectly earth system

UA

UA

UC

Phase voltage
(normal)

UB

UC

UB

Phase voltage
(single phase earth fault)

Fault Conditions

loss of synchronization
current increase
voltage drop
loss of stability
swing

Function of relay protection

internal causecould be avoided
external causeunavoidable

Operation
personnel

automatics

Function of relay protection

operation condition of equipments should be
constantly monitor
abnormal condition
clear fault

signal

trip(circuit breaker)
Relay Protection

Basic Principle of Relay Protection

1 The Overcurrent Protection Under-voltage
Protection

magnitude of current increase

magnitude of voltage decrease

U
I
Z

UA

Basic Principle of Relay Protection

2 The Distance Protection

observed impedance Z Z

fault

normal
Load
impedance

cos 0.8

5
X

Line
impedance

R X
R

Basic Principle of Relay Protection

3 Negative Protection Zero Protection
exist or not

positive sequencenegative sequence

zero
sequence

Basic Principle of Relay Protection

3 Negative Protection Zero Protection

Phasor sum of three phase voltage or current:3Uo 3Io

3 F 0 F A F B F C

Basic Principle of Relay Protection

4 differential protection
Kirchhoff s current law

5 pressure temperature

Co-ordination of Relay Protection

1 different equipmentdifferent protection zone
overlap region is needed

2 Primary relays Local backup relays Backup rela

1 primary

2 primary

3 primary

1 local backup

2 local backup

3 local backup

2 backup

3
backup

Basic Requirements For Relay Protection

Reliability Selectivity Promptly Sensitivity
Reliabilityno false tripping, no failure to trip
Selectivityrestricts interruptions to only occur in protect
zone
Promptlyif a protection is operate to tipping, as soon as possible
protection operation time+CB tripping time
Sensitivitythe ability to identify fault or abnormal condition
is in protective zone

Task 1

How to turn on or turn off a digital protection device?

Relay Protection of Transmission Line

Three-stage overcurrent/distance
relay

2
2
2

0s

1 0s

Pilot Protection of Line

relay protection
device
communication device

relay protection
device

communication dev

Transmission line fibreoptical

Autoreclosure
temporary fault or permanent fault
Normal condition

Fault on Line MN

Reclose QF1

Autoreclosure
temporary fault or permanent fault
Result of reclosure
temporary fault electricity supply is resumed

permanent fault QF1 tripped again

Single Shot Three Phase Autoreclosure for

Transmission Line
1 three-phase tripped and reclosed together
2 reclosed only once
3 permanent fault :circuit breaker will be tripped again
after reclosed

Single Shot Three Phase Autoreclosure for

Transmission Line

Synchronisation check(voltage)magnitude phase frequency

Single Phase Autoreclosure for

HV Transmission Line
1 if the fault is 1LG fault , fault-phase circuit breaker
tripped and reclosed once
2 if the fault is other kinds , circuit breaker tripped and
should NOT be reclosed (maybe)
3 permanent fault :circuit breaker will be
tripped 3phases again after reclosed

Task 2: Accident Handling

Record accident information:
1 tripped circuit breaker
2 actioned relay protection
3 result of autoreclosure

Task 2: Accident Handling

Identify failure equipment and fault type:
1 if there are zero sequence protection action?
2 if ground distance protection action?
3 if phase distance protection action?

Measures after faults?

Differential Protection of Transformer

normal condition
and external fault
Ir 0

internal fault
Ir 0

Differential Protection of Transformer

unbalance
current

False tripping
I set 0

Magnetizing Inrush
Put into operation without load
core saturation
Eliminate external fault

saturation zone

linearization range