Systems Development

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Concept of
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
Definition of SDLC
Stages of SDLC
Traditional versus modern SDLCs

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Systems Development Life Cycle

(SDLC)
An SDLC represents a set of general
categories that show the major steps, over
time, of an information systems
development project.

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An Eight-Stage SDLC

Project initiation
Feasibility study
Logical analysis and design
Acquisition and development
Implementation
Operation
Post-audit evaluation
Maintenance
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SDLC

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Project Initiation
Functional Manager
Formal planning process
IS organization

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Feasibility Studies

Technology
Economics
Organizational factors
Legal, ethical, and other constraints

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Logical Analysis and Design

Determine the systems functions

How will it accomplish those functions
Logical design
Physical design / technical design

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Logical Design
Generic IS functions: input, output, and
storage
Modeling tools: DFDs, ERDs
User involvement

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Implementation

Parallel conversion
Direct cutover
Pilot conversion
Phased

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Traditional versus Modern SDLC

Minimal overhead
Flexibility and responsiveness
Concurrent tasks
Focused analysis

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Methods for Complex or Quickly

Needed Systems

Prototyping
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Object-Oriented Development (OOD)
End-User Development (EUD)

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Prototyping
The prototyping approach to systems
development is, in many ways, the very
opposite of an old-style SDLC. The focus
of prototyping is to develop something
quickly from the users initial set of
requirements. Then refine and extend it
based on the users requirements, which are
identified by using the prototype.
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Rapid Application Development

Rapid Application Development (RAD)
methodologies and tools have capabilities to
meet the demands of the new environment.

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Components and Capabilities of

RAD

GUI development environment

Reusable components
Code generator
Programming language

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Object-Oriented Development
Benefits
Reduces complexity of systems
development
Systems are quicker and easier to build and
maintain
Improves productivity
Objects may be reused

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Object-Oriented Development
Benefits
Systems are more flexible
Allows analysis to think in real world terms
Ideal for Web development

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End-User Development
Trends

Increasingly powerful desktop hardware

Declining hardware costs
Increasingly diverse software capabilities
Increasingly computer-literate population
Backlog of IS projects

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End-User Development
Trends

Development speed
Business orientation
Small applications
Control
Apparent cost savings

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14-20

EUD Problems
Additional spending

Hardware
Software
Training
Support

Neglecting other duties

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EUD Problems
Limited managerial technical skills
Documentation
Security

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EUD Solutions
Auditing EUD programs
Dividing computing responsibilities

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Third Party Software

Application software packages
Outsourcing
Enterprise software

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Acquiring New Systems

Desirable outcomes and implementation
issues
Managerial considerations

14-25

Desirable Outcomes and

Implementation Issues

On-time
On-budget
Full functionality
User acceptance
Favorable costs-to-benefits ratio

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Desirable Outcomes and

Implementation Issues

Low maintenance
Scalability
Integration with other systems
Minimal negative cross impacts
Reusability

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Management Considerations

Traditional SDLC methodology

Prototyping
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Object-Oriented Development (OOD)
End-User Development (EUD)
Purchasing or outsourcing
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System Development Issues

Internet and intranet applications

JAVA
CASE tools
IS-9000
Project planning

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Managerial Issues
Importance
Building interorganizational and
international information systems
Ethical and legal issues
User involvement
Traditional approaches vs. prototyping
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Managerial Issues

Tool use by developers

Quality assurance vs. schedules
Behavior problems
Perpetual development

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