Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
NEC Corporation
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to microwave system
2. Block diagram for microwave communication system
3. System hierarchy
MUX
MUX
Satellite
Fiber-optics cable
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
microwave
10Km
1Km
100m
10m
30KHz
300KHz
3MHz
30MHz
1m
300MHz
10cm
3GHz
1cm
30GHz
1mm
300GHz
1.3 Features:
1. Short wavelength / high frequency
easy to design compact and light aerial system and wide bandwidth, large capacity
2. Frequency plan
3. Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering etc.
4. Free space loss
5. Fade caused by other types of path loss. Multipath.
6. Interference
1.3.1RADIO-FREQUENCY USE
Regional network
1.5
2.5
2
8
34
Mbit/s
3.3
11 GHz
National network
34
140
155
Mbit/s
2
8
34
140
155
Mbit/s
8
10
20
GHz
30
40
50
1.3.2FREQUENCY PLAN
Channel number
1
1'
2'
n'
F3
Fo
Frequency
F1
F2
Center frequency
CAPACITY
MODULATION
DEVIATION
1800 channels
30 MHz
2700 channels
40 MHz
30 channels 2 Mbit/s
4 PSK
3.5 MHz
4 PSK
7 MHz
4 QAM
30 MHz
16 QAM
14 MHz
16 QAM
40 MHz
64 QAM
30 MHz
ANALOG
DIGITAL
RADIO PROPAGATION
Atmosphere influence
Refraction
Partial reflection
Absorption
n2
i.2
Diffusion
Diffusion volume
Rain
i.1
n1
n1
500Km
RADIO PROPAGATION
Ground influence
Diffraction
Reflection
Diffraction on a ridge
Spherical diffraction
RADIO PROPAGATION
Radio path
Air refraction index at sea level : n = 1,000 315
N = 315 N units
Ro
Real Earth
K = R/Ro = 4/3
R
Imaginary Earth
1.3.5 FADING
Changes of transmitting media,such as, atmosphere, link, time, altitude,climate etc.
Fading due to multipath arising from surface reflection
Attenuation due to atmospheric gases;
Attenuation due to precipitation
Type of fading:
fast fading and slow fading;
fast fading: the channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration.
slow fading:the channel impulse response changes at a rate much lower than the
trasnsmitted baseband signal.
up fading and down fading;
up fading: direct wave arrives later than reflecting wave; down fading: virse versa
frequency selective fading and flat fading
the received signal spectrum remains a close replica of the transmitted signal spectrum
except for a change in amplitude.
SELECTIVE FADING
Cause: Multipath propagation
Refraction
A 1,T
A 2,T
Receiver
F=
Frequency
A1 -A 2
A1+ A
=T
=
A min
For A1 = A2
A1
Transmitter
A max
Reflection
-T
A2
A1
F
F0
Radio channel
A max dB = + 6
A min dB = -
FADING
Main cause: Rain snow for frequencies > 10 GHz
-80 < Pr < -20 dBm
Receiver
A
Demodulator
B
CAG
FI
Digital
Signal
Transmitter
dBm
IF
W0
Noise
dBm
A
Signal
W
Time
Noise
B
C
N
Time
COUNTER-FADING MEASURES
A. Techniques without diversity
reduction of the levels of ground reflection
increase of path inclination
various equalizers
B. Diversity techniques
FD
SD
10.2/F1/2<H<37/F1/2
1.3.6 INTERFERENCE
A. Co-channel interference
Caused by other signal residing at the same frequency as the desired signal
B. Adjacent channel interference
Caused by RF leakage on the operational channel from a neighbouring RF
equipment using an adjacent frequency. This can occur when an adjacent channel
user is operating in close proximity to the users receiver, or when the user's signal is
much weaker than that of the adjacent channel user.
COUNTER-INTERFERENCE
MEASURES
A. Increase Transmit Power
Hop
NO.1
Hop
NO.2
Hop
No.n
or
TX/Rx
Terminal
Station
Cable
TX/Rx
TX/Rx TX/Rx
Relay station
(Active)
Relay station
(Passive)
Radio link
Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, some km < D < 100 km
Availability and quality are depending on distance according I.T.U.R. rules
Terminal
Station
Cable
Rx
(Modulator )
Source
encode
TX BB
UP
CONV
MOD
PWR
AMP
BR
CKT
LNA
BR
CKT
SYN
RX
decode
RX BB
DOWN
CONV
DEM
(Demodulator )
Base band
BB : Base band
IF : Intermediate Frequency
UHF : Ultra-High Frequency (300 - 3000 MHz)
SHF : Super-High Frequency (3000 - 30.000 MHz)
IF
UHF/SHF
MODULATOR
32/64/704/2048 kbit/s
Auxiliary rates
Zc = 75
CCITT
G.703
Digital
junction
Microwave
frame
organisation
IF output
Modulator
Zc = 75
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
- Cable correction
- Serial/parallel conversion
- Coding
- Clock recovery
- Regeneration
- Data scrambling
- Sync. clock/microwave frame
- Filtering
- 2 n state modulation
MODULATOR PRINCIPLE
16 QAM PRINCIPLE
Transmission
Reception
Main
Modulator
Transmitter
Receiver
Demodulator
rate
- Microwave frame
- Multiplexing
- Modulation
- Translation
- Amplification
- Translation
- Amplification
- Demodulation
- Microwave frame
.Demultiplexing
.Measurements of B.E.R.
- Distorsion correction
MICROWAVE FRAME
Extra-bit insertion/extraction:
Service channel
Supervision of quality
Auxiliary rates
TS/RC function
Data scrambling
MODULATOR
Digital junction
Digital
access
Cable
correction
f
Clock
recovery
NRZ
Regenerator
Transcoder
Switch
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
G703
AIS
Generator
Signalling
Ck
MODULATOR
Frame and modulator
Auxiliary data
NRZ
Multiplexer
Scrambler
Ck
Serial
Parity
ECC
Calculator
Modulator
Encoder
Converter
F.A.W
IF
Output
BB Filter
IF oscillator
SHAPING FILTERS
1
=0
T
2
0
Useful band
1
2T
=0
= 0.5
= 0.5
=1
=1
1
T
-3T
-2T
-T
Transcient response
(Nyquist)
Ideal
Eye diagram
with noise
2T
3T
TRANSMITTER
Principle
Oscillator: FnFI
IF
Amplifier
Converter
Amplifier
A
Translation
Frequency
IF
Fn SHF Canal
RECEIVER
Principle
Oscillator Fn'
Fn
IF
Converter
dB
Amplifier
dB
Frequency
Frequency
Fn
Fn'
IF
IF
DEMODULATOR
Auxiliary rates
Equalizer
Demodulator
- Demodulation
- Clock recovery
- Regeneration
Digital
processing
Digital
Signal
- MVT search
- Demultiplexing
- Descrambling
- Parallel/serial conversion
- NRZ/code x transcoding
- Quality analysis
-6
-4
Processor
A'1
A1
Tb
A2
IF
Received
constellation
Regeneration
+
Digital
processing
Demodulator
A2
(T2)
A1
A1
(T1)
T2 - T1
A2
= A2
A1
<1
Delay =
A'1 =
Tb
A1
Recursive filter
Digital
output
EQUALIZATION SYSTEM
Non-minimal phase
Processor
A1 + A
Transversal filter
Tb
2
Demodulator
A2
A2
A 2, T 2
(A 2 +
A1)
A2
Tb
+ O
2
(Tb
2
+ O
A1
A 1, T 1
+
A2
=
>1
A1
A' 1 =
A' 2
A1
A' 1
A2
=
A1
(A 2
A1 )
1
A2
A' 1
,t=
T2 - T1
A1
t' = t +
Tb
+ O
2
BER
measurement
= 6,3 ns
A2
A
Rx
Equ.
Demod.
0 dBr
20 log (1 -
1.10 -3
R
A
A2
=K
avec K impair
A2
A2
A1
The signature is the performance achieved by an equalizer circuit
for a given BER (10 -3)
S = 20 log (1 -
F
MHz
3. System hierarchy
2400/19200 bit/s
Data
VF Data
MUX
PCM
64 kbit/s
TN 1
2.048 Mbit/s
8.448 Mbit/s
+ frame + stuffing
120 channels
4 x 120 channels
TN 3
34.268 Mbit/s
480 channels
4 x 480 channels
TN 4
139.264 Mbit/s
1920 channels
TRT PRODUCTS
34,268 Mbit/s
8,448 Mbit/s
2,048 Mbit/s
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
TN2
4
3
2
1
TN3
155 Mbit/s
ADM
155
TN4
CMI
140 Mbit/s
CMI
34 Mbit/s
HDB3
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
or 16x2 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
HDB3
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
or 4x2 Mbit/s
30
64 kbit/s
1
TN1
2 Mbit/s
HDB3
Tx/Rx
4x2 Mbit/s