210228

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell
4.1 Chemical Composition Of The Cell
ITeach Biology Form 4
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The

Cell
Chemical Composition Of The

Cell
Eleme
nt
Chemical
Composition
Of The Cell
Composed of one atom.
Cannot be broken into simpler

substances.
Ex: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O),

Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
Chemi
cal
Compo
und
Organic
compound
Inorganic
compound
Contains element carbon
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
No carbon
Nucleic acids
Water
Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel
Komposisi Kimia Sel
Terbina daripada satu atom
Tidak boleh diuraikan kepada

bahan yang lebih mudah
Cth: Karbon (C), Oksigen (O),

Hidrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
Unsur
Komposisi
Kimia Sel
Sebati
an
kimia
Sebatian
organik
Sebatian
Bukan Organik
Mengandungi unsur karbon
Karbohidrat
ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4
Protein
Lipid
Tiada
karbon
Asid nukleik
Air

Cell

Cell
The Importance Of Organic Compounds In The Cells
Provide major source of energy.
To build cell walls in plant.
As food storage.
Build external skeletons of insects.
Carbohydrate
Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Sebatian Organik Dalam Sel
Membekalkan sumber tenaga utama.
Untuk membina dinding sel pada tumbuhan.
Sebagai makanan simpanan.
Membina rangka luaran serangga
Karbohidrat

Cell

Cell
The Importance Of Protein In The Cells
To synthesis antibodies to prevent diseases.
To repair and produce new cells.
Act as energy storage.
Form haemoglobin to transport oxygen.
Protein
Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Protein Dalam Sel
Untuk sintesis antibodi bagi mempertahankan badan

daripada penyakit.
Untuk memperbaiki dan menghasilkan sel baru.
Bertindak sebagai makanan simpanan.
Membentuk hemoglobin untuk mengangkut oksigen.
Protein

Cell

Cell
The Importance of Lipids in the

Cells
As a stored product in
the form of adipose
tissue.
Produce liver bile

necessary
for
digestion of fats
Form phospholipids
bilayer of plasma
membrane
Lipids
As a solvent
vitamin A,D,E,K.
for
Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Lipid Dalam Sel
Sebagai
hasil
simpanan
dalam
bentuk tisu adipos.
Menghasilkan
jus
hempedu
untuk
pencernaan lemak.
Menghasilkan
dwilapisan fosfolipid
membran plasma.
Lipid
Sebagai
pelarut
vitamin A,D,E,K.

Cell

Cell
The Importance of Nucleic Acids in the Cells
Nucleic
Acids
Two types of nucleic acid:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid
(RNA)
The importance of nucleic acids in cell:
Store genetic information
Protein synthesis
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Basic Unit Structure
DNA
Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Asid Nukleik Dalam Sel
Asid
Nukleik
2 jenis asid nukleik:
Asid deoksiribonukleik (DNA)
Asid ribonukleik (RNA)
Kepentingan asid nukleik dalam sel:
Menyimpan maklumat genetik
Mensintesis protein
Kumpulan fosfat
Bes bernitrogen
Gula pentosa
Struktur Unit Asas
DNA

Cell

Cell
The Importance of Water in the Cell
Polar molecule consist of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
wate
r
To provide support in the plant cells.
Helps in lubrication.
Act as a transport medium.
Acts as
reactions.
medium
for
biochemical
Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Lipid Dalam Sel
Molekul berpolar yang mempunyai dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom
oksigen
Air
Untuk memberi sokongan di dalam sel

tumbuhan.
Sebagai pelincir.
Bertindak sebagai medium pengangkutan.
Bertindak sebagai medium untuk tindak

balas biokimia.

Of The Cell
4.2 Carbohydrates

Cell
Carbohydrates
Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1.
Karbohidrat
Jenis-jenis Karbohidrat
Monosakarida
Disakarida
Polisakarida
Mengandungi karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.
Nisbah atom hidrogen kepada atom oksigen

adalah 2:1.

Cell
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Fructose.
Galactose.
Found in plants and

fruit.
Found in sweet
fruits and honey.
Present in milk.
Monosaccharide are reducing sugars and reducing agent.

Monosaccharides are simple sugar such as glucose, fructose and galactose.

Glucose.
Karbohidrat
Monosakarida
Merupakan gula ringkas seperti glukosa, fruktosa dan galaktosa.
Galaktosa
Terdapat di dalam
susu.
Merupakan gula penurun dan agen penurun.

dalam
dan
Fruktosa.
Dijumpai pada buah
manis dan madu.
Glukosa.
Dijumpai
tumbuhan
buah.
Complex sugars with general formula C12H22O11.
Two monosaccharides combined together through

condensation.
Condensation involves removal of water molecule

during formation of disaccharides.
Examples: Maltose, sucrose and lactose.
Can be broken down into monosaccharides by

hydrolysis.
Maltose and lactose are reducing sugar.
Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
Disaccha
rides
Carbohydrates

Cell
Gula kompleks dengan formula umum C12H22O11.
Dua monosakarida bergabung bersama melalui

proses kondensasi.
Kondensasi melibatkan penyingkiran molekul air

semasa pembentukan disakarida.
Contoh : Maltosa, sukrosa dan laktosa.
Boleh diputuskan kepada monosakarida secara

hidrolisis.
Maltosa dan laktosa adalah gula penurun.
Sukrosa merupakan gula bukan penurun.
Disakarid
a
Karbohidrat

Cell
Carbohydrates
The Formation and Breakdown of Disaccharides
Glucose +
glucose
Glucose + fructose
Condensatio
n
Maltose + water
Hydrolysis
Condensatio
n
Sucrose + water
Hydrolysis
Condensatio
n
Glucose + galactose
Hydrolysis
Lactose + water
Karbohidrat
Pembentukan dan Penghuraian Disakarida
Kondensasi
1
Glukosa + glukosa
Maltosa + air
Hidrolisis
Kondensasi
Glukosa + fruktosa
Sukrosa + air
Hidrolisis
Kondensasi
Glukosa + galaktosa
Laktosa + air
Hidrolisis
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Polymers
with
combination
of
many
monosaccharides to form a long chain of
molecules.
Insoluble in water, do not taste sweet and

crystallize.
Can be broken into smaller molecules through

hydrolysis.
Examples of polysaccharides are:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulos
e

Cell
Karbohidrat
Polisakarida
Polimer dengan gabungan banyak monosakarida

untuk membentuk molekul yang berantai
panjang.
Tidak larut dalam air, tidak mempunyai rasa

manis dan tidak menghablur.
Boleh dihuraikan kepada molekul ringkas melalui

proses hidrolisis.
Contoh polisakarida:
Kanji
Glikogen
Selulosa

Of The Cell
4.3 Proteins

Cell
Protein
s
Proteins
Contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
Made up of amino acids which joined together by peptide bond.
Dipeptide: Two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond.

Polypeptide chain is when more amino acids linked together to form long
chains of amino acids.
Protein
Protein
Mengandungi karbon, oksigen, hidrogen dan nirogen.
Dibina daripada asid amino yang digabung bersama oleh ikatan peptida.
Dipeptida: Dua asid amino yang digabung bersama oleh ikatan peptida.
Rantaian polipeptida dibentuk apabila banyak asid amino bergabung bersama
untuk membentuk rantai panjang asid amino.

Cell
Protein
s
Protein Structures
Primary structure
Quarternary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Protein
Struktur struktur Protein
Struktur pertama
Struktur keempat
Struktur kedua
Struktur ketiga

Cell
Protein
s
The non-essential amino acid
Can be synthesised by
body.
Derived from other amino
acids.
Types of
Amino Acids
The essential amino acids

Cannot be synthesised by
body.
Can only be obtained from
diet.
First class protein
Contain all the essential amino acids.
Ex: Animal protein such as milk, meat
Second class protein
Food that lacks a few essential amino acids.
Ex: Plant proteins such as corn
Protein
Asid amino tak penting
Boleh
disintesis
oleh
badan.
Diperolehi daripada asid
amino lain.
Jenis-jenis
Asid Amino
Asid amino penting

Tidak boleh disintesis oleh
badan.
Hanya boleh diperolehi
melalui makanan.
Protein kelas pertama
Mengandungi semua asid amino penting
Cth: Protein daripada haiwan seperti susu dan daging
Protein kelas kedua
Makanan yang kurang beberapa asid amino penting
Cth: Protein tumbuhan seperti jagung

Of The Cell
4.4 Lipids

Cell
Lipids
Steroid
Waxes
The main types
of lipids
Phospholipid
s
Cholesterol and hormones.
Found on the cuticles of epidermis of

leave, fruit and seed.
Important in formation of plasma

membrane.
Triglycerides
Fats
Oil
condensation
+
+ 3H2O
hydrolysis
glycerol
3 molecules
of fatty acids
triglyceride
water
Lipid
Steroid
Lilin
Jenis-jenis
utama lipid
Fosfolipid
Kolestrol dan hormon.
Dijumpai
pada
kutikel
pada
epidermis daun, buah dan biji benih.
Penting
dalam
membran plasma.
Trigliserida
pembentukan
Lemak
Minyak
kondensasi
+
+ 3H2O
hidrolisis
gliserol
3 molekul
asid lemak
trigliserida
air

Cell
Lipids
Fats and
Oils
Fatty acids
Saturated Fat
Contains
saturated
fatty
acids.
Does not contains double
bonds between carbon atoms
(-C-C-)
Unsaturated Fat
Contains unsaturated fatty

acids.
Contains at least one double
bond between carbon atoms
(-C=C-)
Lipid
Lemak dan
Minyak
Asid lemak
Lemak tepu
Lemak tak tepu
Mengandungi
tepu.
Tidak mempunyai ikatan

berganda antara atom karbon
asid
(-C-C-)
lemak
Mengandungi asid lemak tak

tepu.
Mengandungi
sekurangkurangnya
satu
ikatan
berganda antara atom karbon
(C=
C)

Of The Cell
4.5 Enzymes

Cell
Enzymes
The Role Of Enzymes In

Organisms
Biochemical reactions which occur in cells

are called metabolism.
Enzymes act as biological catalysts that

regulate almost all cellular reactions.
Enzymes also speed up metabolic reaction

in cell.
Enzim
Tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku di

dalam sel dipanggil metabolisme.
Enzim bertindak sebagai pemangkin biologi

yang mengawal hampir kesemua tindak
balas dalam sel.
Enzim juga mempercepatkan tindak balas

metabolisma di dalam sel.
Peranan Enzim Pada

Organisma

Cell
Enzymes
General
Characteristics
of Enzymes
Made up of proteins.
Accelerate the rates of chemical reaction and not

destroyed at the end of reactions.
Have specific sites called active sites.
Small amount of enzyme needed to produce large

amount of substrate molecules.
Cofactor is needed in order to function well.
Reversible reaction:
Enzyme
Substrates
Products
Enzim
Ciri-ciri Umum
Enzim
Terbina daripada protein.
Mempercepatkan kadar tindak balas kimia dan tidak

dimusnahkan pada akhir tindak balas.
Mempunyai tapak spesifik dipanggil tapak aktif.
Enzim diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil untuk

menghasilkan molekul substrat berkuantiti besar.
Kofaktor diperlukan untuk enzim berfungsi dengan baik.
Tindak balas berbalik:

Enzim
Substrat
Hasil

Cell
Enzymes
Naming of
Enzymes
Are formed by adding ase at the last name of their

substrates.
Example :
Substrate
Enzyme
Lactose
Lactase
Sucrose
Sucrase
Lipid
Lipase
Pepsin, trypsin and rennin were named

before systematic way of naming enzymes
was created.
Enzim
Penamaan
Enzim
Terbentuk dengan menambahkan frasa ase pada nama

akhiran substrat enzim.
Contoh :
Substrat
Enzim
Laktosa
Laktase
Sukrosa
Sukrase
Lipid
Lipase
Pepsin, tripsin dan renin dinamakan sebelum

sistem penamaan enzim secara sistematik
diwujudkan.

Cell
Enzymes
Sites
of
enzym
e
synthe
sis
Enzymes are produce by protein synthesis

within cells.
Thus, site for enzyme synthesis is also

located at ribosomes.
DNA carries
synthesis.
Different sequences of bases in DNA are

codes to make different proteins.
Messenger RNA is formed to translate codes

into a sequence of amino acids.
Amino acids are bonded together to form

specific enzymes.
information
for
enzyme
Enzim
Tapak
Sintesi
s
Enzim
Enzim dihasilkan oleh protein yang disintesis

dalam sel.
Oleh itu, tapak sintesis enzim juga terletak di

ribosom.
DNA membawa maklumat untuk sintesis

enzim.
Jujukan bes yang berbeza pada DNA

merupakan kod untuk menghasilkan protein
yang berbeza.
Utusan RNA akan menterjemah kod yang

diterima daripada DNA kepada satu jujukan
asid amino.
Acid amino akan digabungkan bersama

untuk membentuk enzim tertentu.
Enzymes

Cell
Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
Intracellular enzymes
Extracellular enzymes
Produced and kept in cell for its

own use.
Produced in cell but secreted out

of cell to work externally
Enzim
Enzim Intrasel dan Luar Sel
Enzim Intrasel
Enzim Luar Sel
Dihasilkan dan disimpan di

dalam sel untuk kegunaan
sendiri.
Dihasilkan di dalam sel tetapi

dirembes keluar dari sel untuk
berfungsi di luar sel.

Cell
Enzymes
Production of
Extracellular Enzymes
Protein
synthesised
ribosomes
Outside cell
is
in
Transported
through
Enzyme
released
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
is Plasma
membrane
Protein is
wrapped in
vesicles
and
moves to
Secretory
vesicle
membrane
fuses
with
plasma
membrane
Golgi apparatus
Transport
vesicle
fuses with Golgi
complex
and
protein is modified.
Enzim
Penghasilan Enzim Luar
Sel
Protein disintesis di
dalam ribosom
Ke luar sel
Diangkut
melalui
Enzim
dibebaskan
Jalinan endoplasma
kasar
Membran plasma
Protein
dibungkus
di dalam
vesikel dan
dipindahkan
ke
Vesikel
rembesan
berpadu
dengan
membran
plasma
Jasad Golgi
Vesikel pengangkut
berpadu
dengan
jasad Golgi dan
protein diubah.

Cell
Enzymes
The Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Lock and Key Hypothesis
Has distinctive
shape that
compliments its
substrate
substrate
active site
Enzyme-substrate
Enzyme
products
Enzyme
Enzim
Mekanisme Tindakan Enzim
Hipotesis Kunci dan Mangga
Mempunyai bentuk
khusus khas untuk
substratnya
substrat
tapak aktif
Enzim-substrat
Enzim
hasil
Enzim

Cell
Enzymes
Temperature
Substrate
concentration
Enzyme
concentration
Factors
Affecting
Enzyme
Activity
pH
Enzim
Suhu
Kepekatan substrat
Kepekatan enzim
Faktor Yang
Mempengaruhi
Aktiviti Enzim
pH

Cell
Enzymes
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature
The rate of enzyme activity

Optimum temperature
Increase in temperature
causes more collisions
between enzyme and
substrate molecules
Rate of enzyme-catalysed
reaction decreases due to
denaturation of enzyme
Temperature (C)
Enzim
Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti
Enzim
Suhu
Kadar aktiviti enzim

Suhu optimum
Peningkatan
suhu
menyebabkan
lebih
banyak
perlanggaran
berlaku antara molekul
enzim dan substrat
Kadar tindak balas enzimpemangkin

menurun
disebabkan
oleh
penyahaslian enzim.
Suhu(C)

Cell
Enzymes
pH
The rate of enzyme activity

Optimal pH
of pepsin
Optimal pH of most
enzymes in human cells
Optimal pH of
trypsin
pH
Enzim
Enzim
pH
Kadar aktiviti enzim

pH
optimum
bagi
pepsin
pH
optimum
bagi
kebanyakan enzim di
dalam sel manusia
pH
optimum
bagi tripsin
pH

Cell
Enzymes
Substrate
concentration
Rate of reaction
Substrate concentration
Enzim
Enzim
Kepekatan
Substrat
Kadar tindak balas
Kepekatan substrat

Cell
Enzymes
Enzyme
concentration
Rate of reaction
Enzyme
concentration
Enzim
Enzim
Kepekatan
Enzim
Kadar tindak balas
Kepekatan enzim

Cell
Enzymes
Biological enzymes
Used in washing powder.
Lipase
Used in cheese
ripening.
The Uses of
Enzymes
Protease
Amylase
To tenderise meat.
Convert starch to sugar.
Enzim
Enzim biologi
Digunakan di dalam sabun basuh.
Lipase
Digunakan di dalam penyediaan keju.
Kegunaan Enzim
Protease
Amilase
Untuk melembutkan daging.
Menukar kanji kepada gula.

Of The Cell
4.6 The Importance Of Chemical Composition In Cells

Cell
The Importance Of Chemical Composition In

Cells
The Importance Of Chemical
Composition In Cells
Chemical Substances
Consequence of Deficiency
Carbohydrate
Respiration cannot occur
Protein
Impaired mental
development
Lipids
Plasma
formed
Enzymes
No chemical reaction in the cell
membrane
and
is
physical
not
well
Kepentingan Komposisi Kimia Dalam Sel

Kepentingan Komposisi Kimia Dalam
Sel
Bahan kimia
Akibat kekurangan
Karbohidrat
Respirasi tidak berlaku
Protein
Perkembangan mental dan fizikal

terganggu
Lipid
Membran plasma tidak terbentuk

dengan baik
Enzim
Tiada tindak balas kimia pada sel
The End
i - Teach

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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition

4.1 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

ITeach Biology Form 4

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The

Chemical Composition Of The

Composed of one atom.

Cannot be broken into simpler

Ex: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O),

Contains element carbon

ITeach Biology Form 4

Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Terbina daripada satu atom

Tidak boleh diuraikan kepada

Cth: Karbon (C), Oksigen (O),

Mengandungi unsur karbon

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chemical Composition Of The

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The

The Importance Of Organic Compounds In The Cells

Provide major source of energy.

To build cell walls in plant.

Build external skeletons of insects.

ITeach Biology Form 4

Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Membekalkan sumber tenaga utama.

Untuk membina dinding sel pada tumbuhan.

Sebagai makanan simpanan.

Membina rangka luaran serangga

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chemical Composition Of The

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The

The Importance Of Protein In The Cells

To synthesis antibodies to prevent diseases.

To repair and produce new cells.

Act as energy storage.

Form haemoglobin to transport oxygen.

ITeach Biology Form 4

Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Untuk sintesis antibodi bagi mempertahankan badan

Untuk memperbaiki dan menghasilkan sel baru.

Bertindak sebagai makanan simpanan.

Membentuk hemoglobin untuk mengangkut oksigen.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chemical Composition Of The

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The

The Importance of Lipids in the

Produce liver bile

ITeach Biology Form 4

Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chemical Composition Of The

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The

The Importance of Nucleic Acids in the Cells

Two types of nucleic acid:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The importance of nucleic acids in cell:

Store genetic information

Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel