3G RNP Principles Nokia NSN

3G
Radio Network
Planning Principles
Nokia Networks
Planning & IP Engineering
3G Planning Methods Development
Pekka Ranta
Presentation in 3G Planning Seminar 1999
NOKIA
27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 1
Contents
3G Highlights
Radio Network Planning Process
System Dimensioning
Link Budgets
Load Factor & Capacity calculations
CDMA Radio Access Technology
Radio Resource Management
Detailed Planning
NOKIA
3G Highlights
Multiservice environment
Air interface
Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also
Capacity and coverage coupled via

interference margin
Quality classes
Neighbor cells coupled via interference
variable rate
Error rates, 10 % FER to 10-6 BER
Delay sensitivity, 100 ms to

seconds
Asymmetric up and downlink traffic

Common channel data traffic
Receiver performance depends on
bit rate
environment
Soft handover
Fast power control
GSM cooperation
NOKIA
Use of GSM for coverage provision, handovers

Direction of traffic to GSM vs. WCDMA
Service continuity vs. differentiation
New issues in planning process

DEFINITION
Coverage and capacity

coupling
PLEMENTATION
Network
Configuration
and
Dimensioning
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
per service
Site
acquisition
Coverage
optimisation
Multiple services
NOKIA
Capacity Requirements
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
Exte
Ana
Multiple services
Identification
Adaptation
O&M
Parameter
Planning
Network
Optimisation
Area / Cell
specific
Survey
measurements
Handover
strategies
Statistical
performance
analysis
Maximum
network
loading
Other RRM
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Take advantage of existing GSM network

DEFINITIO
Network
Configurati
and
Dimensioning
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
ality and
pacity,
r service
GSM for
coverage
extension
GSM 1800
propagation
measurements
ction
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Site
acquisition
GSM co-siting
NOKIA
Experience
on service usage
from GSM, with
HSCSD and GPRS
Capacit
rements
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
External Interference
Analysis
Identification
Adaptation
O&M
ION
Parameter
Planning
Network
Optimisation
Area / Cell
specific
Survey
measurements
Handover
strategies
Statistical
performance
analysis
Maximum
network
loading
Other RRM
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
System Dimensioning
Dimensioning is a very
rough first estimate for
Radio Network & IP
Core Rollout :
number of required
BS
Iub
BSS (BS+RNC)
number of required
IP core Network MS
elements: SGSN,
GGSN, MSC
Evolution steps for

future expansion.
Netdim is used for BSS

part calculations,
Excel sheet is used for
IP core part calculations
NOKIA
MSC/VLR
GMSC
RNC
PSTN/ISDN
BS
HLR
Iur
SCP
BS
RNC
BS
UTRAN
Iu
3G-SGSN
GGSN
IP Networks
BSS part
IP core part
Dimensioning Process Flow Chart

Radio link specifc :
- Data rate (processing gain)
- Average Eb/No
- SHO gain in dB
Interference
Margin
1st guess
of amount
of traffic
per CU
Load factor
calculation
Max. trafic per CU
If too low
capacity
Link Budget Calculation

Max. allowed path loss
Cell Range Calculation

Max. Cell Range in each area type
Capacity Estimate
No. of sites / Total supported
traffic in each area type
Equipment specifc :
- MS Power class
- MS/BS sensitvity
- Antenna gain
etc
Propagtion specific :
- Antenna height
- BPL and BPL deviation
- Area correciton factor
- Lognormal shadowing margin
Service specific :
- blocking rate
- Packet traffic
If fulfill the operator need
Equipment Requirement
BS HWs / Transmission / RNC
NOKIA
Dominating factors in System Configuration
CAPACITY & COVERAGE Related
The amount of Spectrum

Service Bitrate & Busy Hour Traffic (kbits/s)
Traffic Distribution
Area Distribution
Site Configurations
Maximum UL Load
QUALITY Related
Indoor Coverage
NOKIA
3G Speech Coverage
WCDMA Link Budget
Speech Service
1 % FER target
Max load
Max. TX Power per channel [W]
As above in dBm
TX Antenna Gain [dB]
Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB]
Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm]
NOKIA
Urban macrocells
Urban macrocells
Urban macrocells
Uplink
Uplink
Uplink
30%
50%
70%
0.125
0.125
0.125
21.0
21.0
21.0 a
0.0
0.0
0.0 b
2.0
2.0
2.0 c
19.0
19.0
19.0 d = a + b - c
Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz]

Receiver Noise Figure [dB]
Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz]
Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB]
Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz]
Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz]
Processing gain [dB]
Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB]
-174.0
5.0
-169.0
1.5
-172.7
-167.5
25.0
4.0
-174.0
5.0
-169.0
3.0
-169.0
-166.0
25.0
4.0
-174.0
5.0
-169.0
5.2
-165.3
-163.8
25.0
4.0
e
f
g=e+f
h
i = 10*log( 10^((h+g)/10)-10^(g/10) )
j = 10*log( 10^(i/10)+10^(g/10) )
k = 10*log(3840/12.2)
m
Receiver sensitivity [dBm]

SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell
RX Antenna Gain [dB]
Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB]
TPC headroom [dB]
Max. path loss [dB]
-122.6
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
158.1
-121.1
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
156.6
-118.9
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
154.4
n = m-k+j + 10*log10(3840000)
t
o
p
q
r = d - n + o - p + q +t
Coverage Probability [%]

Log Normal Fade Constant [dB]
Propagatiom odel exponent
Log Normal Fade Margin [dB]
BS antenna heigh
MS antenna height
Area type correction
Indoor Loss [dB]
80
12
3.38
4.4
40
1.5
0
15.0
80
12
3.38
4.4
40
1.5
0
15.0
80
12
3.38
4.4 s
40
1.5
0 Urban
15.0 u
Cell Range, km
1.19
1.08
0.93 Okumura Hata
3G data Coverage
WCDMA Link Budget
Load =50 %
Service, kbits/s
As above in dBm
NOKIA
Urban macrocells
Urban macrocells
Urban macrocells
Uplink
Uplink
Uplink
64.00
144.00
384.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
24.0
24.0
24.0 a
0.0
0.0
0.0 b
0.0
0.0
0.0 c
24.0
24.0
24.0 d = a + b - c

-174.0
5.0
-169.0
3.0
-169.0
-166.0
17.8
2.0
-174.0
5.0
-169.0
3.0
-169.0
-166.0
14.3
1.5
-174.0
5.0
-169.0
3.0
-169.0
-166.0
10.0
1.0
e
f
g=e+f
h
i = 10*log( 10^((h+g)/10)-10^(g/10) )
j = 10*log( 10^(i/10)+10^(g/10) )
k = 10*log(3840/bitrate)
m

TPC headroom [dB]
Max. path loss [dB]
-115.9
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
156.4
-112.9
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
153.4
-109.2
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
149.6
n = m-k+j + 10*log10(3840000)
t
o
p
q
r = d - n + o - p + q +t

BS antenna heigh
MS antenna height
Indoor Loss [dB]
80
12
3.38
4.4
40
1.5
0
15.0
80
12
3.38
4.4
40
1.5
0
15.0
80
12
3.38
4.4 s
40
1.5
0 Urban
15.0 u
Cell Range, km
1.07
0.87
0.68 Okumura Hata
2G&3G LINK BUDGET
WCDMA Link Budget
144 kbps NRT Packet data

10 % FER target, load 50 %
As above in dBm
NOKIA
GSM1800 Link Budget
Uplink
0.25
24.0
0.0
0.0
24.0
Uplink
1
30.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
a
b
c
d=a+b-c

-174.0
5.0
-169.0
3.0
-169.0
-166.0
14.3
1.5
-174.0 e
5.7 f
g=e+f
h=10log(1-load)
i = 10*log( 10^((h+g)/10)-10^(g/10) )
j = 10*log( 10^(i/10)+10^(g/10) )
k = 10*log(3840/144)
8.0 m

TPC headroom [dB]
Max. path loss [dB]
-112.9
2.0
20.5
2.0
4.0
153.4
-106.0
0.0
20.5
2.0
0.0
154.5

BS antenna heigh
MS antenna height
Indoor Loss [dB]
80
12
3.38
4.4
40
1.5
0
15.0
80
12
3.38
4.4
40
1.5
0
15.0
Cell Range, km
0.87
0.94 Okumura Hata
t
o
p
q
r = d - n + o - p + q +t
WCDMA Specific Property in Link Budget

Interference degradation margin :
This becomes a function of the cell load factor (so-called cell breathing)
Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell
Fast fade margin :
Headroom is needed for maintaining adequate closed loop fast power control
This is applicable for pedestrian users where Eb/No is more sensitive to PC
Effect of soft handover :
Soft handover slightly reduces the average single link Eb/No of MSs, due to macro
diversity combining
In downlink, however, soft handover increases the number of active "transmitters", so

the gain may be less than the "loss"
Soft handover improves the coverage at cell edge due to MDC and reduce nonorthogonal interference (only in DL)
Downlink power amplifier dimensioning :

Cell range is determined by the maximum transmit power per MS, but the total
transmit power of BS is determined by the "average" transmitted power of all MSs
NOKIA
UL signal & Interference

S Signal received at the base
station [w]
Ii Spectral density of
interference from all other
users in the cell [w/Hz]
Ioc Spectral density of
interference from users in
other cells [w/Hz]
f = Ioc / Ii measure for re-use
efficiency (environment
dependent).
Typically f = 0.66
NOKIA
I0cW
IiW=(n-1)S
UL Capacity Equation
Io = Total spectral interference plus noise density
Io= No+Ioc+Ii= No+Ioc+(n-1)vS/W
W WCDMA bandwidth
n Number of active calls
No Thermal noise spectral density at the input to the receiver LNA [w/Hz]
v
voice activity factor (e.g. v = 0.5)
C/I
Signal (carrier) to noise and interference ratio
S
C/I= S =
= Eb Rb 1
I oW
Io W Q
N o + n-1 v S +I oc W
W
E b = S Energy per bit of data

Rb
W
; Q Rb = 1
Eb
C
I
N0
Rb The data rate (bit rate) (e.g. 8 kbps)

Eb = C W
Io
I Rb
NOKIA
Figure of merit of a digital receiver (e.g. 5 dB for WCDMA)
Eb/No & Interference
target CI [dB] = Eb/No W/R b
Eb/No is the MS Bit Energy to Noise density ratio in DL
W/R is the processing gain
W is the WCDMA bandwidth (3,84 MHz)
Rb is the data rate (kBits/s)
Simulated Nokia Eb/No values in BS and MS
Voice
CS-data 3km /h
3 km /h
20 km /h
120 km /h
20 ms interleaving
4
64 kb/s
P-data 3km /h
144 kb/s
384 kb/s
512 kb/s
40 ms interleaving
4
1.5
NOKIA
384 kb/s
512 kb/s
1.5
64 kb/s
144 kb/s
384 kb/s
512 kb/s
10 ms interleaving
3.3
w hithout transmit diversity
20 ms interleaving
21
144 kb/s
10 ms interleaving
1.5
MS parameters
21
64 kb/s
P-data 120km /h
80 ms interleaving
21
21/24
21/24
10 ms interleaving
21/24
21/24
10 ms interleaving
21/24
21/24
21/24
21/24
21/24
21/24
21/24
21/24
Uplink Load Factor and Pole Capacity
k 1
N:
rx_Eb/Nok :
W / Rk :
i :
rx _ Eb / Nok
1 i
W / Rk
Number of "active" radio links per cell (DTX factor)

Received Eb/No of radio link k at the BS
Processing gain at the given bit rate
Other cell to own cell interference ratio seen by the BS
Loss in link budget due to load

= Interference margin (IM)
= -10*log10(1-)
MS_TxP =
Transmit power per radio link
needed for coverage + Loss
IM when 1 !!!
NOKIA
25
20
Loss (dB)
kN
15
10
5
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
Load factor
0,8
Downlink Load Factor and Pole Capacity
k N
k 1
N:
tx_Eb/Nok :
W / Rk :
ik:
k :
tx _ Eb / Nok
1 k ik
W / Rk
Number of "active" radio links per cell (inc. DTX factor and SHO)
Transmit Eb/No of the radio link arrived at MS k
Processing gain at the given bit rate
Ioc
Other cell to own received BS power ratio seen by MSk,
Ior
Orthogonality factor in Downlink seen by MS k (*
(* Due to multipath propagation, DL orthogonality is no longer maintained when BS signal arrives MS.
1- represents the amount of intra-cell interference seen by the MS receiver
BS_TxP =
Transmit power for coverage of all
radio links + power rise
BS_TxP when 1 !!!
25
BS transmit power rise (dB)
BS transmit power rise due to load

= -10*log10(1-)
20
15
10
5
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
Load factor
NOKIA
0,8
Typical Capacity of WCDMA
Capacity per cell per carrier
- 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load
800kbps L1 rate
50 Erlang
Data Traffic
Voice traffic
More Voice
NOKIA
More Data
Soft Capacity
Capacity Simulations
Number of Simultaneous voice calls per cell
30%
50%
70 % UL
Cells
UL load
UL Load
80 % DL
UL Limited UL Limited DL Limited
1*1
34
57
67
1*3
32
54
62
1*6
29
48
53
No of Simultaneous RT 144 kbps call per cell

30%
50% UL
70 % UL
Cells
UL load
80% DL
80 % DL
UL Limited DL Limited DL Limited
1*1
3.5
5.4
5.4
1*3
3.3
4.9
4.9
1*6
2.9
4.3
4.3
NOKIA
Capacity Simulations
Data throughput per CU
30%
50% UL
70 % UL
Cells
UL load
80% DL
load
UL kbps
DL/UL kbps DL/UL kbps
1*1
500 950/830
1150
1*3
470 800/780
1100
1*6
419 760/700
980
Mixed Traffixc Capacity per CU

No of Users Erlang at 2% Mean User
Services
per cell
blocking
kbps/MHz/cell
12.2 kbits
50
44
58
64 kbps RT
12
7.5
96
144 kbps RT
5
2.2
63
NOKIA
3G Spectrum Efficiency
2G
Micro
Macrocell
Spectrum
[MHz]
5
5
Channels in System
25
25
TCH per TRX
7.5
7.5
TCH in System
187.5
187.5
Channel Reuse
6
12
TCH per Cell
31.3
15.6
Traffic inc Trunking Gain
2%
22.8
9
System Efficiency
Erl/MHz/Cell
4.6
1.8
Data throughput
14 kbits/s/TSL=
70
Spectrum
[MHz]
Code CHs per Carrier

Code CH per Cell
Traffic/cell
System Efficiency
Data throughput
Release1
576/6 carriers
Erlangs
Erl/MHz/Cell
800 kbits/s/5 MHz
Channels in System
NOKIA
5
1
576
96
44
8.8
160
CDMA radio access technology

Users are separated
by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time

(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also different
carrier frequencies may be used).
signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference

CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference
(ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)
BS2
Code A
Code D
Co
de
NOKIA
Freq. 1
de
Co
Co
de
Freq. 1
BS1
CDMA radio access technology:

spreading/despreading
Two main spread spectrum methods: Direct Sequence (DS) and Frequency Hopping (FH). DS used in
ARIB/ETSI systems.
In DS spreading the user signal spreading (modulation) is done with spreading sequencies (codes) having
much higher bandwith than the user signal (processing gain = W/R, where R = data rate, W = spread bandwith)
codes are unique for each channel

transmitting and receiving sides have the same code with the same phase. The code to be used is determined
by the transmitting side and the receiving side acquires the code from the transmited signal (code acquisition)
Spread signal
input narrowband
signal
(unspread)
Spreading
Receiver
Transmitter
radio path
RX
spreading
code
generator
TX
spreading
code
generator
synchronism required
NOKIA
Despreading
output
signal
(detected)

Power Control
power control on the uplink is the key to the WCDMA capacity, downlink is less
critical
the power of separate users is controlled in such a way that received power
from all users are roughly equal and the total power in the system is minimal
==> users can occupy the same carrier and the interference averaging takes
place
if the power control is incomplete, there will be severe problems, refer to the
so called near-far-problem (see figure below).
Normally the uplink power control range is 70-90 dB, the receiver can handle
power differencies not exceeding the spreading ratioBS(normally 6..20 dB).
S
MS2
MS1
If the power of MS1 is not properly controlled
it will jam the weaker signal of MS2
NOKIA

Soft Handover
MS is simultaneously connected to several base stations

=> seamless transition from one cell to another, minimizes interference
BS2
BS1
Initial state:
MS connected to one BS
BS1
MS moves towards BS2:

another branch is added
Received signal strength
BS2
BS2
signal
Soft HO
region
BS1
signal
BS2
MS distance from BS1
BS1
Branch to original BS1 is

disconnected
NOKIA
Radio resource management

LC
Admission control:
PS
RM
Performs the admission control for new bearers to

enter/leave the network.
AC
network
based
functions
Predictis the interference caused by the bearer and

checks whether there is room for it.
Power allocation
Manages the bearer mapping ( multiplexing )
PC
Bearer renegotiation
HC
AC
Admission Control
LC
Load Control
PS
Packet Scheduler
RM
Resource Manager
PC
Power Control
HC
HO Control
NOKIA
connection
based
functions
Produces a Transpor Format Set (or modifies

existing TFS)
MDC relocation management in SHO
Load Control:
takes care of radio network stability
gathers interference information and produces a
load vector
Radio resource management

Packet Scheduler
Scheduling packets to the radio interface
Power Control
The closed loop PC compares the measured

SIR with an SIR target and based on this
transmits an up/down PC command at 0.625 ms
interval
The open loop PC estimates the needed power

based on pathloss + interference measurements
(RACH) or perch channel SIR measurements
(FACH)
The outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the

fast closed loop PC
(UL/DL)
The PS works in close cooperation with the

RLC buffer since it allocates RLC-PDU's
The PS checks the radio conditions in the

load_vector broadcasted by the LC
The PS may limit the upper_bit_rate inside

TFS
Resource manager
manages the physical resources of RAN and

maintains the code tree
Handover Control
Code allocation for:

DCH signalling/radio access bearer
temp DCH
HW availability of RAN ( BS resources, RNC/
CDSP, transmission) up to some extent
NOKIA
Soft (intra-frequency) handovers: softer

between cells within one BS, intra-RNC soft,
inter-RNC soft
Inter-frequency (hard) handovers: Intra-BS,
Intra-RNC, Inter-RNC (-MSC)
Inter-system handovers: WCDMA <-> GSM
Detailed Planning means CDMA Analysis
2G detailed planning is coverage and frequency planning +interference analysis

3G detailed planning is calculation of the UL/DL best servers, UL/DL SHO areas, BCCH C/Is,
cell loading, SHO overhead and SHO probabilities
Print
reports and
plots
SHO probability,
SHO overhead
Mobile / user
distribution
Manage views
Edit parameters
Coverage and
capacity
iteration
Cell load
Edit cell
parameters
BCCH C/I
analysis
Set analysis area
Perform UL, DL
SHO area
analysis
NOKIA
Perform UL, DL
Best Server
analysis
Start calculation,
React to reported
invalid
link loss
Edit iteration
control parameters
Edit planning
parameters
Analysis of an example WCDMA plan

Initial Users
Total 2000 users

15 384 kbps
NOKIA
250
64 kbps
1735
8 kbps

Dominance areas
Uplink Dominance
NOKIA
Downlink Dominance

Cell loading and SHO overhead
Cell loading
SHO overhead
Water
NOKIA
Water

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27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 1

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 2

Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also

Capacity and coverage coupled via

Neighbor cells coupled via interference

Error rates, 10 % FER to 10-6 BER

Delay sensitivity, 100 ms to

Asymmetric up and downlink traffic

Receiver performance depends on

Use of GSM for coverage provision, handovers

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 3

New issues in planning process

Coverage and capacity

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 4

Take advantage of existing GSM network

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 5

Evolution steps for

Netdim is used for BSS

Excel sheet is used for

IP core part calculations

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 6

Dimensioning Process Flow Chart

Max. trafic per CU

Link Budget Calculation

Cell Range Calculation

If fulfill the operator need

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 7

Dominating factors in System Configuration

CAPACITY & COVERAGE Related

The amount of Spectrum

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 8

Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz]

Receiver sensitivity [dBm]

Coverage Probability [%]

0.93 Okumura Hata

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 9

Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz]

Receiver sensitivity [dBm]

Coverage Probability [%]

0.68 Okumura Hata

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 10

2G&3G LINK BUDGET

WCDMA Link Budget

144 kbps NRT Packet data

GSM1800 Link Budget

Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz]

Receiver sensitivity [dBm]

Coverage Probability [%]

0.94 Okumura Hata

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 11

WCDMA Specific Property in Link Budget

In downlink, however, soft handover increases the number of active "transmitters", so

Downlink power amplifier dimensioning :

transmit power of BS is determined by the "average" transmitted power of all MSs

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 12

UL signal & Interference

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 13

E b = S Energy per bit of data

Rb The data rate (bit rate) (e.g. 8 kbps)

Figure of merit of a digital receiver (e.g. 5 dB for WCDMA)

27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 14

Eb/No & Interference