The

Six-kingdom
Scheme
Bundren, 2008

Recall:
What is Cell Type?
Prokaryotic describes an
organism with cells that do NOT
have a nucleus
Eukaryotic describes an organism
with cells that do have a nucleus
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1. The organism shown is

A.Prokaryotic
B.Eukaryotic

DNA

CELL
MEMBRAN
E
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What is Cellular
Organization?

Multicellular organisms are

made up of more than one cell
Unicellular organisms are
made up of one cell

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2. The organism shown is

A.Unicellular
B.Multicellular

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What is Mode of Nutrition?

Autotrophic makes its own food
A. photosynthetic
B. chemosynthetic

Heterotrophic gets nutrients from

the food it consumes
carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, detritivore
scavenger, decomposer

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3. The organism shown is

A. Autotrophic
B. Heterotrophic

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Mode of reproduction

Asexual reproduction is
reproduction that occurs without any
interaction between two different
members of a species.
Sexual reproduction is
reproduction that requires a male
and a female of the same species to
contribute genetic material.

Bundren, 2008

Kingdom Archaebacteria
extreme bacteria
Cell Type prokaryotic
Cellular Organization unicellular
Mode of nutrition Autotrophic
(using hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide)or
Heterotrophic
Means that some species are autotrophs
and some are heterotrophs

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Kingdom Archaebacteria
Characteristics
Reproduction asexual
Cell Wall cell walls without
peptidoglycan
Habitat live in extreme habitats
such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic
hot pools, brine pools, black smokers
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Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park note the bright colors
from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.
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Kingdom Archaebacteria

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Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria can
live deep in the
ocean near
geothermal vents
called black smokers
There is no light, so
they carry out
chemosynthesis
instead of
photosynthesis
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 Types of
Archaebacteria

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 Methanogens can survive in

places where there is no oxygen.
Some members of this group
inhabit digestive tracts of animals
and ponds where animal, human
and domestic wastes are treated
Methanogens are also present on
bottoms of lakes, swamps and rice
fields. An important characteristic
of this group is they produce
methane gas.
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Halophiles

Halophiles are adapted

to very salty
environments.
Examples are Haloccocus
dombrowski and
Halobacterium salinarum.
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Thermophiles

This group of archaebacteria can

live in places with high temperature.
These areas include volcanic hot
springs with temperatures from 80
to 1100C.
They also inhabit the small deep
sea openings where hot water with
temperatures higher than 2500C
come out.
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Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type Prokaryotic
Cellular Organization Unicellular
Mode of nutrition Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
Reproduction asexual
Cell Wall Thick cells walls with
peptidoglycan
Habitat everywhere!!! (even inside
you)
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Kingdom Eubacteria
Procholorococcus an autotrophic
bacterium
Some cause human diseases
Many are important
environmentally and
commercially

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Three major phylum (groups)

based on shapes:
Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci)
sometimes grow in chains or
in clumps like a bunch of grapes.
Examples:
Streptococcus (strep throat)
Staphylococci (responsible for
"staph" infections and
gangrene)
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 Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) can

also form in chains. Some types of
these bacteria also have whip like
structures called flagella to help them
move around.
Example:
Escherichia coli or E.coli
(found in the intestines
of mammals) Salmonella typhi
(causes typhoid fever and food
poisoning)
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 Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla) can

use their shape to propel themselves
by twisting like a corkscrew.
Example
Treponema pallidumcholera
(syphilis)
Borrelia burgdorferi
(Lyme disease)

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Protist Kingdom

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Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista:
Catch All Kingdom
Cell Type Eukaryotic
Cellular Organization Most
unicellular, some multicellular
Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Reproduction sexual and asexual
Cell Wall Some with cell walls
containing cellulose
Habitat all aquatic
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Animal-like Protists
Unicellular
Heterotrophic organisms
Animal like protists are distinguished by how they
move:
1) Sarcodinesmove with pseudopods
2) Ciliatesmove with cilia
3) Zooflagellatesmove with flagella
4) Sporozoansimmobile

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Sarcodines
Animal-like protists that use
pseudopods for feeding and moving
Pseudopods-extensions of cytoplasm
Ex) Amoeba
FOOD

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Sarcodines
Ameobic
dysentery
Montezumas
revenge or
travelers
diarrhea

Ameoba histolytica

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Ciliates

Animal-like protists that use cilia for feeding and movement

Cilia-hair-like structures
Ex) Paramecium

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Zooflagellates
Animal-like protists swim
using flagella
Trypanosoma protist spread
by the bite of tsetse fly
causes African Sleeping
Sickness
Giardia can contaminate
water and cause digestive
problems
Trichonympha lives in
mutualistic relationship with
termites

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Sporozoans

Animal-like protists that dont move on

their own and are parasitic
Plasmodium sporozoan causes malaria
Sporozoan parasite is carried by female
Anopheles mosquito

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Plasmodium Life Cycle

Mosquito bites human and

parasite injected
Parasites invade liver,
reproduce, and develop
Liver cells burst and
parasites
move to red blood cells
RBC burst-person
experiences anemia, fever,
chills, may
result in death
Parasites may then move
into other RBC or are picked
up by mosquito and
transferred to another
person

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Plantlike Protists

Autotrophs- contain chlorophyll and carry out

photosynthesis
Euglenophytes
Diatoms
Algae

Often called phytoplankton- small

photosynthetic organisms near the surface of
ocean
Releases tons of oxygen into the atmosphere
Important food source for many filter feeders

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Euglenophytes
Plant-like protists that have flagella and
chloroplast, but no cell wall.
Ex) Euglena
Autotrophs when sunny but heterotrophs when not

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Diatoms
Plant-like protists that produce thin, delicate
cell walls made of silicon
Used in toothpaste, paints on license plates,
dynamite

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Algae
Plant-like protists
Unicellular algae
Multicellular algae
Red and brown algae
Contains special pigments
that allows it to live deep
areas of water
Commonly called
seaweed (ex: Kelp)

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Plantlike Protists: Algae

Green Algae- some are unicellular, some form
colonies, few are multicellular

37

Humans and Algae

Humans understand many beneficial uses of algae:

1) Used to make nutrient agar
2) Used as ingredient in ice cream, pudding, salad
dressing, syrups
3) Food source humans and other animals
4) Releases oxygen from photosynthesis

Algae causes harm in algal blooms depletes water

of nutrients and oxygen

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Fungus-like Protists
Decomposers
Heterotrophic protists that
absorb nutrients, but lack cell
walls with chitin
Slime molds- found near moist,
rotting logs and composts
Water molds can be parasitic
and cause ick in fish

39

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Fungi Kingdom

41

Kingdom Fungi
Cell Type Eukaryotic
Cellular Organization Most
multicellular
Mode of Nutrition heterotrophic
(decomposers)
Reproduction sexual and asexual
Cell Wall cell walls containing chitin
Habitat terrestrial
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Fungi
Unicellular
(yeast)

All fungi are

eukaryotic
They may be
unicellular or
multicellular
(most)

Multicellular

yeast
43

Fungi Characteristics
Most are immobile
All have cell walls made of chitin- a
carbohydrate which also makes up the
exoskeleton of insects
CHITIN!

44

Fungal Structure
Fungi are made of thin strands called hyphae
Each strand consists of cells separated by a
wall called a septa

45

Fungal Structure (cont.)

As hyphae grow,
they form a tangled
mass called a
mycelium
The mycelium is
usually underground
or embedded in
some food source
The main function of
mycelium is to
absorb food

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Nutritional Status of
Fungi

Heterotrophs because they feed off non-living,

organic matter
Important decomposers in the ecosystem
Along with bacteria, fungi are important in
recycling nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen

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Fungal Reproduction
The part of the fungus that we
see above ground is called the
fruiting body
The fruiting body is the main
reproductive part of the fungus

48

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Fungal Reproduction

Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually.

Asexual reproduction can be done by
a. Hyphae breaking off and growing on their own.
b. Producing spores.

52

Fungal Reproduction

Fungal spores are found in almost any environment.

Wind blows spores land in favorable spot
new fungus.
Some fungi attract animals to aid in spore dispersal.
Ex.) Stinkhorn fungus

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Fungal Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves
two different mating types
No males or females, instead
they are known as + plus
or - minus.
When hyphae from two
different mating types come
together, they fuse together
forming a diploid zygote.

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Groups of Fungi
The main phyla of fungi are divided
according to how they sexually produce
spores
1.) Zygomycetes
2.) Ascomycetes
3.) Basidiomycetes
4.) Deuteromycetes

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Zygomycetes

Ex.) Bread mold

Some of the hyphae form a
zygosporangium which produces spores
Spores can be carried by wind

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Ascomycetes (sac fungi)

Ex.) Yeast and mildew
Form spores in saclike structures called asci
Each ascus bursts open shooting spores into the air

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Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

Ex.) Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi
Spores form under the caps of mushrooms
on structures called basidia

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Deuteromycetes
Ex.) Penicillin,
many disease
causing fungi.
These fungi do not
reproduce sexually.

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Helpful Fungi
Penicillin
Fungi can be very
helpful and delicious
Many antibacterial
drugs are derived
from fungi
Fungi accounts for
the blue vein in blue
cheese!
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Harmful Fungi

Fungi also causes a number of

plant and animal diseases:
Athlete's Foot

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Harmful Fungi
Ringworm

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Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom Plantae
Cell Type Eukaryotic
Cellular Organization
multicellular
Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic
Reproduction sexual
Cell Wall cell walls containing
cellulose
Habitat aquatic and terrestrial
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Kinds of Plants
Nonvascular Plants
Plants without a well-developed
system of vascular tissue.
These plants are relatively small.
They lack tissue to transport water
and dissolved nutrients.
They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
Mosses are the most familiar example.

Seedless Vascular Plants

They have roots, stems, and leaves
and their surfaces are coated with a
waxy covering that reduces water loss.
They reproduce with spores that
are resistant to drying.
Both haploid and diploid phases occupy
significant parts of the life cycle.
Ferns are the most common and
familiar example.

Kinds of Plants
Nonflowering Seed Plants
Gymnosperms are vascular plants
that reproduce using seeds but do
not produce flowers.
Gymnosperms include plants that produce
seeds in cones, such as pines and spruces.

Flowering Seed Plants

Most plants that produce seeds also
produce flowers.
Flowering plants are called angiosperms.
Angiosperms, such as roses, grasses, and
oaks, produce seeds in fruits.
Fruits are structures that enable the
dispersal of seeds.
Seeds enable plants to scatter offspring
and to survive long periods of harsh
environmental conditions, such as
drought and extreme temperatures.

Non-Vascular
plants that do not have tubes to
carry water up the plant or tubes
to carry food made in the leaves
down the plant
Examples:
mosses
liverworts
hornworts

Non-Vascular
Moss

Non-Vascular
Liverwort

Non-Vascular
Hornwort

Vascular
Plants that have tubes to carry
water up and food down the plant
Examples:
American dogwood tree
roses
grass

Vascular
American dogwood tree

Vascular
Roses

Vascular
Grass

Parts of a Flower
Male Parts

Female Parts

Parts of a Flower
Male Parts

Female Parts

The stamen consists of two parts: the anther and the filament.
The filament holds the anther.
The anther produces and carries the pollen.

Parts of a Flower
Male Parts

Female Parts

The pistil consists of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.
The stigma is the sticky part that traps and holds the pollen.
The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma.
The ovary and the ovule are at the bottom of the style.

Parts of a Flower
Male Parts

Female Parts

The petals attract pollinators.

(bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, for example)

Parts of a Flower
Male Parts

Female Parts

The sepals are the green petal-like parts at the base of the
flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.

Plant Cell
chloroplasts
cell wall

nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
vacuoles

Kingdom Animalia
Flatworm
Sponge
Jellyfish

Octopus
Coral snake

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Bear

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Kingdom Animalia
Cell Type Eukaryotic
Cellular Organization
multicellular
Mode of Nutrition heterotrophic
Reproduction mostly sexual
Cell Wall none
Habitat aquatic and terrestrial

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Kinds of Animals
Sponges
The only animals that do not have tissues,
but they do have specialized cells.

Cnidarians
Mostly marine animals; they include
jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.

Flatworms
Have flat, ribbon-like bodies.
Some are parasitic and live inside the
bodies of animals.
Others are free-living and may live in
soil or water.

Roundworms
Nematodes are small worms that have long,
very slender bodies.
Some are free-living in soil or water, while
others are parasites of animals and plants.

Kinds of Animals
Segmented Worms
Annelids live in both water and soil
and include the familiar earthworm.
Bristled marine worms are segmented
worms, as are leeches, which can be
blood-sucking parasites.

Mollusks
Have a saclike cavity called a coelom that
encloses internal organs.
Are very diverse aquatic and terrestrial animals.
They include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses,
and squids.
Most have a hard external skeleton (a shell).

Arthropods
The most diverse of all animals.
They have an external skeleton, jointed
appendages with antennae and jaws.

Kinds of Animals
Echinoderms
Includes sea stars, sea urchins,
and sand dollars.
Many are able to regenerate a lost limb.

Invertebrate Chordates
Aquatic animals that have much in
common with vertebrates,
though they do not have a backbone.
Some are swimmers that resemble
fish, while others live attached to
a rock or other object.

Vertebrates
Have an internal skeleton made of bone, a
vertebral column (backbone) that surrounds and
protects the spinal cord, and a head with a brain
contained in a body skull.
Includes mammals, fish, birds, reptiles,
and amphibians.

Thank you