Rate

Rate of
of reaction
reaction
Synthesising ideas on collision theory

Solids

Matter

Liquids

is made of

Particles

Which are
arranged
differently
in

Gases

Kinetic Theory of
Matter?

 Particles of matter are in continuous motion

and constantly in collision with each other
During a reaction, the particles of the
reactants, whether atoms, molecules or ions
must collide with each other for bond
breaking and the bond formation to occur

Collision Theory

Key Idea: Molecules must collide to react.

However, only a small fraction of collisions
produces a reaction. Why?

For a reaction to occur :

The collision must
produced an

EFFECTIVE
COLLISIONS

Effective Collision
Collision which achieved a
minimum amount of energy
called activation energy and
with the correct orientation.

 If the particles collide with energy less than

the activation energy needed for reaction or
with the wrong orientation, they simply
bounce apart without reacting.
These collisions are known as ineffective
collisions

Collision Theory
According to modern collision theory , before the
products are formed 3 conditions must be satisfied
Molecules must collide with each other .
Collisions must have minimum energy to
overcome the activation energy
Orientation of reactants must allow formation of
new bonds.

Molecules must collide with each other .

Collision

Reactant A

Reactant B

Orientation of reactants must allow formation of

new bonds.
Correct orientation

Particle A

Particle B

Before collision

Product

After collision

Collisions must have enough energy to

overcome the activation energy of the
reaction
Activation Energy,Ea is the
minimum energy the colliding
particles must have before
collision between them can result
in chemical reaction.

Energy Profile Diagram

Energy

Activation
Energy
Reactants
Products
Course of reaction

Energy Profile Diagram

In the energy profile diagram, the activation
energy is the difference in energy between
the energy of the reactants and the energy
shown by the peak of the curve.
It is the energy barrier that must be
overcome by the colliding particles of the
reactants in order for reaction to occur

When we hit a shuttlecock

over a net, we must
supply it with enough
energy for it to clear the
top of the net.
Similarly, reactant
particles must collide with
energy equal to or more
than the activation energy
for reaction to occur

Frequency of Effective Collisions

The number of effective collisions
occurring in one second is called the
frequency of effective collisions.
It will determine the rate of reactions
When the frequency of effective collisions
increase the rate of reaction is high and vice
versa

Many Collisions

High frequency of
collisions

High frequency of
effective collisions

Higher rate of
reaction

Increase
concentration

How can we
increase high
energy
collisions?
Increase surface
area

Increase
Temperature

Factors Affecting Rate of

Reaction
Total Surface Area
Increasing total surface area increases
the rate of a reaction
Temperature
Increasing temperature always
increases the rate of a reaction.
Concentration
Increasing concentration usually
increases the rate of a reaction
Presence of Catalysts
Usage of catalyst will increase the rate
of reaction

Total Surface Area

Let say we have two round card board with
different diameters (10 cm and 30 cm
respectively)
Throw a ping pong ball to the card board
for 10 times from a fixed position
Record the number of the ping pong ball hit
the board

Total Surface Area

Assume that the diameters of the board
represent the total surface area and the
number of the ball that hit the target as the
effective collisions.
What is the relationship between the total
surface area and the chances for the
effective collisions to occur?

Total Surface Area

You have learnt that a fixed mass of a
smaller size solid reactant has a larger total
surface area
How can this affect the rate of reaction??

 When the total surface is area

is largerits increase the
chances for the effective
collision to occur

Total Surface Area

Reaction of hydrogen ion

Calcium Carbonate
Lump
Calcium Carbonate
Powder

Increase surface area

Low surface area

High surface area

If surface area is high (as in a powder), less

particles will be trapped in the centre.
So there are MORE EFFECTIVE
COLLISIONS per second.

 When the size of fixed mass of solid

reactant is smaller.
The total surface area exposed to collision
with the particles of the other reactant is
bigger
Thus, the frequency of collisions among the
reacting particles increase
This leads to an increase in the frequency of
effective collision
Hence the rate of reaction will be HIGHER

Concentration
How does the concentration of reactant
affect the rate of reactions??

Experiment 1.2
Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
In this experiment, the conical flasks used
are of the same size and the same total
volume of the reacting mixtures is used
The formation of sulphur causes the
solution to turn cloudy
As more sulphur is formed, the solution
becomes more cloudy until the Xmark
disappears from sight when viewed
vertically from the top

 Hence, the time taken for the X mark to

disappear from sight is the time taken for the
formation of the same quantity of sulphur
Graph of concentration against time :
It shows that when the concentration of
Na2S2O3 increases, the time taken for the X
mark to disappear becomes shorter

 Rate of reaction = mass of sulphur formed

time taken
Mass of sulphur formed in all experiment is
same, so the rate of reaction is inversely
proportional to the time taken for the X mark
to disappear from sight.
Rate of reaction 1/time

 Hence value of 1/time can be used to represent

the rate of reaction.
When graph of concentration against 1/time is
plot.. A straight line is obtained. It shows
that:

Concentration

Rate of reaction

1/time

concentration

As the concentration of
reactant increases, the rate of
reaction becomes higher

Concentration
When the concentration of the solution of
the reactant increase, the number of
particles per unit volume increases
With more particles per unit volume of the
solution, the number of collisions per unit
time between the reacting particles
increases

Concentration
The frequency of effective collision
increases
The rate of reaction increase

Concentration

Low concentration

High concentration

Increase concentration
If a reactant is more
concentrated
particles are more
crowded
so there are MORE
EFFECTIVE
COLLISIONS PER
SECOND!

Low concentration

High concentration

EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE
ON THE RATE
OF REACTIONS

GOLIATH BEETLE
Did you know that Goliath Beetle can only produce enough energy
to fly when their body temperature is greater than 30 C?

TROPICAL FIREFLIES

Tropical fireflies flash faster on warm nights

EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON
THE RATE OF
REACTIONS

PROCEDURES OF EXPERIMENT
1.

Measure 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution using

measuring cylinder and poured into a conical flask.
2. Measure the initial temperature of the solution with a thermometer.
3. Place the conical flask on a white paper marked`X`.
4. Measure 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid using measuring cylinder.
5. Pour the acid quickly into the sodium thiosulphate solution.
6. Start the stopwatch immediately and swirl the conical flask
7. Observe the mark `X` from above.
8. Stop the stopwatch as soon the mark disappear from sight.
9. Record the time for the X mark to disappear
10. Repeat steps 1 to 9 by using the different temperature of sodium
thiosulphate solution at 400C, 500C, 600C and 700C.

TABULATION OF DATA
Set
I
II
II
IV
V

Temperature/0C

Time/s

1/Time
/s-1

GRAPH
Plot graph:
Temperature of sodium thiosulphate
against time taken
Temperature of sodium thiosulphate against
1/time

Temperature
How does the temperature of reactant affect
the rate of reactions??

Experiment 1.3
Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction

Rate of reaction 1/time

Rate of reaction

Temperature

As the temperature of reactant

increases, the rate of reaction
becomes higher

Temperature
As the temperature increases , the particles
have more kinetic energy.
* The particles move faster and collide
more often with one another
* The frequency of collision is higher
* More colliding particles have higher
energy which are enough to overcome
the activation energy

Temperature
Both of these factors contribute to the
higher frequency of effective collisions
Hence, higher rate of reactions

Temperature

Slow heating

Strong heating

Catalyst
Catalyst: A substance that change
the rate of reaction but remains
chemically unchanged at the end of
the reaction.
How catalyst effect the rate of
reaction?

Catalyst
Let say there are 30 students in a chemistry
class. In one Chemistry test, 15 students get
more than 40 marks, 5 students get between
30 to 40 marks, while the others get less than
40 marks.
(a)If the passing mark is 40, how many of the
students pass the test?
(b) If the passing mark is lowered to 30, how
many of them pass the test?

Catalyst
Assume that the chemistry test is a reaction,
passing mark as the activation energy, and the
number of students that pass the test as the
number of effective collisions.
Assume that passing mark of 40 as the
activation energy for the reaction without
catalyst and passing mark of 30 as the
reaction with a catalyst
How can a catalyst affect your rate of
reaction ?

Catalyst
The presence of catalyst in a chemical
reaction allows the reaction to take place
through an alternative path which requires a
lower activation energy.
Thus more colliding particles are able to
achieve the lower activation energy
Frequency of effective collisions increase
Higher rate of reactions

Effect of a Catalyst on Activation Energy

Energy

Activation
Energy without
Catalyst

Reactants

Activation
Energy with
Catalyst

Products
Course of reaction

The presence of a catalyst is

analogous to using a tunnel
through a mountain rather
than climbing over the peak
of the mountain.
It provides a shorter and
faster route to the other side
of the mountain
Similarly, a lower activation
energy through an alternative
reaction pathway with the
presence of catalyst means a
faster reaction.

Summary
Factors affecting rate of reaction

Increasing of total
surface area of reactants
Increasing of
temperature

Presence of
catalyst

Increasing of
concentration

Increase:
-frequency of collision between particles
-frequency of effective collision
-rate of reaction