Electrons in Atoms

Mrs. Wolfe

Draw a Bohr Model for an

Oxygen Atom.

Electrons are NOT fixed in

energy levels. Theyre found in
ORBITALS!

ORBITALS
Orbital
Region in space where there is 90% probability of
finding an electron

MANY Orbitals make up the electron cloud.

Why all the probability talk?

When measuring the location, we knock the electron

out of place and/or change its speed.

e-

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

ItIt is
is impossible
impossible to
to measure
measure
both
both the
the location
location and
and
velocity
velocity of
of an
an electron
electron at
at the
the
same
same time.
time.
W. Heisenberg
1901-1976

Hydrogen
1P

Bohr Model

0N

Orbital Model
1P
0N

Time for a Lab!

Electron Probability Lab

Radial Distribution Curve

Quantum Numbers
Four Quantum Numbers:
Specify the address of each electron in an
atom
Used to describe the location of an electron in
the atom
UPPER
LEVEL

Quantum Numbers
Electrons in atoms are arranged as

ENERGY LEVELS (n)

SUBLEVELS (l)
ORBITALS (ml)
SPIN (ms)

First Quantum Number

1. Principal Quantum Number ( n )
Describes the ENERGY LEVEL.
Energy levels increase in size.

Example: If N = 2, the electron is in the 2 nd

energy level (a medium-sized orbital)

Energy Levels
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4

Second Quantum Number

2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number ( l )
Describes the SUBLEVEL.
Sublevels are FOUR DIFFERENT SHAPES.

The s Sublevel
S is spherically shaped.
There is only 1 orbital in the s sublevel.

The p Sublevel
The p sublevel is dumb-bell shaped.
There are 3 orbitals in the p Sublevel.

The d Sublevel
It is double dumb-bell shaped.
There are 5 orbitals in the d sublevel.

The f Sublevel
This shape is complex.
There are 7 orbitals in the f sublevel.

So what is the electron cloud?

Orbitals COMBINE to form the electron cloud.
Example 2nd energy level contains all these:

2s

2px
2py

2pz

2nd Quantum Number Contd.

L = (N 1) thru zero
L = 0s
L = 1p
L = 2d
L = 3f

Practice Problem:

How many orbitals are in the 2nd energy level?

N=2
L = (N 1) thru zero, so L = 1 & 0
This means 2 sublevels: S & P
1 S orbital & 3 P orbitals
Total Orbitals = 4

2px
2py

2s
2pz

Practice Problem:
If an electron is in area
B, what are its first 2
quantum numbers?

P sublevel (dumb-bell)
L=1
L = (N 1) thru zero, so
N=2

Practice Problem:
Describe the possible
locations of an electron
whose address is:
N=3

3rd energy level

L = (N 1) thru zero, so
L = 2, 1, or 0

Can be found either in

the d, p, or s sublevels.

Do all shapes exist in EVERY

ENERGY LEVEL?

No
Example 3rd energy level
N=3
L = (N 1) thru zero, so
L = 2, 1, 0
The f sublevel does not exist in this energy level.
(L = 3 for the f sublevel)
Example What shapes are in the 1st energy level?
N = 1, so if L = (N 1) thru zero, then L = 0.
Only the s sublevel is in the first energy level.
(L = 0 for the s sublevel)

Each orbital can hold 2 electrons.

Thinking Question: Bohr said that the 1st energy level
can only hold 2 electrons. Why?
N = 1L = 0
s sublevel only
s sublevel has only 1 orbital.
So the 1st energy level can only hold 2 electrons!

Practice Problem
If the principal quantum number of an electron is 2,
what are its possible locations?
N = 2..which means its in the 2nd energy level
L = (N-1) thru zero, so
L = 1, 0 (S & P sublevels)
There are 3 orbitals in the p sublevel.
There is only 1 orbital in the s sublevel.
So, there are 4 possible orbitals that the electron
could be in.

Time for a WS!

Orbital Model of the Atom WS

First 2 Quantum Numbers

Reviewed

n = energy level
n2

= TOTAL # of orbitals in the energy level

There are: 1 s, 3 p, 5 d, 7 f orbitals

Third Quantum Number

3. Magnetic Quantum Number ( ml )
Describes the EXACT orbital
M = -L to +L
Example: If L = 1 then m = -1, 0, +1

-1 = px 0 = py
+1 = pz
NOdont memorize these!

Practice Problem:
List the quantum numbers for an electron with
N=1.
N=1..L=0..M=0
Describe its location.
1st energy level in the s orbital.

FINAL Quantum Number

4. Spin Quantum Number ( ms )
An orbital holds 2 electrons that spin in opposite
directions.
Electron spin + or -

Evidence for Opposite Spins

Review the 4 Quantum Numbers

Together, these numbers are the address of an
electron
Principal Quantum Number (N)
Tells the ENERGY LEVEL

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (L)

Tells the SUBLEVEL (SHAPE)

Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml)

Tells the SPECIFIC ORBITAL

Spin Quantum Number (Ms)

Tells the DIRECTION OF SPIN

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have the
same 4 quantum numbers.
Each e- has a unique address:

Feeling overwhelmed?
Read
Ch.10.7!

Time for a WS, then a VIDEO!

Orbital Model of the Atom WS II