3 INDUCTION

MOTORS
BY:
Nagaraju A.,
Asst. Prof.,
EEE Dept.,
GITAM University.

Why induction motor (IM)?

Advantages:
Robust
High Power/Weight ratio compared to Dc motor
Lower Cost/Power
Easy to manufacture
Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing
and other mechanical parts.
Disadvantages:
Essentially a fixed-speed machine
Speed is determined by the supply frequency
To vary its speed need a variable frequency
supply.

Construction
An induction motor
has two main parts:
Stator
Consists of a
steel
frame
that
supports a hollow,
cylindrical core.
The
core
is
constructed
from
stacked laminations
having a number of
evenly spaced slots.

Construction cont
Slots provide the
space for the stator
winding.
The conductors
are connected to
form a balanced 3
phase star or delta
connected circuit.

Construction cont
The

rotor mounted on the shaft is of two types:

Squirrel-cage
rotor :
Conducting bars laid
into slots and
Bars shorted at both
ends by end rings
This forms a short
circuited winding which is
indestructible

Entire
rotor
construction resembles an
squirrel cage
Simple
and
robust
construction
Low starting torque

Construction cont
Slip ring rotor :
Complete set of three-phase
windings exactly as the
stator
Usually Y-connected
The ends of the three rotor
wires are connected to 3 slip
rings on the rotor shaft.
In this way, the rotor circuit is
accessible
for
external
resistances.
External
resistances
are
connected
only
during
starting and removed when
motor attains rated speed
Costly

Construction cont

Rotating Magnetic Field

Balanced

three
phase
windings,
i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees from each
other, fed by balanced three phase source.
This field is such that its poles do not remain in
a fixed position on the stator but go on shifting
their positions around the stator
A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude of 1.5 m is produced
The magnetic field rotates with a speed.
Where Fs is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and
Ns is called the synchronous speed

Rotating Magnetic Field Cont..

Principle of Operation
When 3 stator winding is energised from a 3 supply, a
rotating magnetic field is developed .
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings which are
now stationary.
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows
in the rotor windings
The rotor current carrying conductors are now placed in stator
magnetic field
A torque is produced as a result of this action
The rotor starts rotating in the same direction as the rotating
magnetic field
This happens due to the LENZ law.
The induced current direction is so as to oppose the cause
The cause is relative speed between field and the rotor

Induction motor speed

At what speed will the IM run?
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed,
why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed,
which is the same speed of the rotating
magnetic field, then the rotor will appear
stationary to the rotating magnetic field
and the rotating magnetic field will not cut
the rotor.
So, no induced current will flow in the
rotor and no rotor magnetic flux will be
produced so no torque is generated and
the rotor speed will fall below the

Induction motor speed

So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the synchronous speed and
the motor speed is called the Slip. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e.

Where Nslip= slip speed

Ns= speed of the magnetic field
Nr = mechanical shaft speed of the motor

If the rotor runs at synchronous speed, then S= 0

If the rotor is stationary, then S = 1
The slip is a ratio and doesnt have units

Rotor Frequency
The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by:
Where Fr= the rotor frequency
Fs= the stator frequency
S = slip

When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency

of the induced voltage is equal to the supply
frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency will
be zero

Rotor emf, current and power at

slip s
Induced

voltage in the rotor = SE2,o

Frequency of rotor current = SFs
Reactance of the rotor circuit = SX2,o
Rotor current (I2) at slip (s) =
Rotor power factor Cos2=
Power input =

Torque
Torque

derivation:

=
The equation of torque for 3ph induction
motor:
Starting Torque (Tst) :
Starting torque depends on supply voltage
and rotor resistance
Full Load Torque (Tf) :
[Differentiate torque equation with respect to
slip(S) and equate it to zero]

Torque Cont

For low values of slip T s

For high values of slip T

Torque Vs Slip
Characteristics

For Different Rotor

For Different Voltages

Power Flow Diagram

Power Relations

Stator power i/p = stator power o/p + stator core and

copper loss
Stator power o/p = rotor power i/p = Air gap power
(Pa)
Mechanical power = Gross rotor output power (Pg)
Air gap power = gross output power + rotor copper loss
(Pr)
Shaft output power (Psh)= Actual output power
Gross output power = shaft power + mechanical losses
Mechanical losses = Friction losses + windage losses

Induction Motors and

Transformers
Both IM and transformer works on the
principle of electromagnetic induction
Transformer: voltage applied to the
primary windings produce an induced
voltage in the secondary windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the
stator windings produce an induced
voltage in the rotor windings
The difference is that, in the case of the
induction motor, the secondary windings
can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the
secondary winding of the IM), the induced

Need for starters

Three phase induction motor is self starting
machine.
The equivalent circuit of the three phase induction
motor at the time of starting is like an electrical
transformer with short circuited secondary winding,
Because at the time of starting, the rotor is
stationary and the back emf due to the rotation is
not developed
Hence the motor draws the high starting current.
We use starters in order to limit this high starting
current.

Types of Starters
Full Voltage
Method
Starting
methods for
squirrel cage
motor
Reduced
Voltage
Method

Direct on line
starting
method
Stator
Resistor
Starting
method
Auto
transformer
starting
method
Star Delta
starting
method

We can employ all the methods that are used for

starting of the squirrel cage induction motor to
start the wound rotor motors. In addition we also
have Rotor resistance starting method

Direct On line Starting

In this method we directly switch
the stator of the three phase
squirrel cage induction motor on to
the supply mains.
The motor at the time of starting
draws very high starting current
(about 5 to 7 times the full load
current) for the very short duration.
The amount of current drawn by
the motor depends upon its design
and size.
But such a high value of current
does not harm the motor because
of rugged construction of the

Direct On line Starting

Cont..
Such

a high value of current

causes sudden undesirable
voltage drop in the supply
voltage.
A live example of this sudden
drop of voltage is the dimming of
the tube lights and bulbs in our
homes at the instant of starting of
refrigerator motor.
Generally used for small motors
(less than 5 Hp)
Less costly but not good method

Stator resistance starting

In this method we add resistor
or a reactor in each phase as
shown in the diagram
(between the motor terminal
and the supply mains).
Thus by adding resistor we can
control the supply voltage.
Only a fraction of the voltage
(x) of the supply voltage is
applied at the time of starting
of the induction motor.
The value of x is always less
than one.
As the motor speeds up the

Stator resistance starting

Finally

the resistors are short

circuited when the motor
reaches to its operating speed.

Due to the drop in the voltage

the starting torque also
decreases.
If we add series resistor then
the energy losses are
increased so its better to use
series reactor in place of
resistor because it is more
effective in reducing the
voltage
however series reactor is more

Auto transformer Starting

As the name suggests in this
method we connect auto
transformer in between the three
phase power supply
The auto transformer is a step
down transformer hence it reduces
the per phase supply voltage from
V1 to xV1.
The reduction in voltage reduces
current from Is to xIs.
After the motor reaches to its
normal operating speed, the
autotransformer is disconnected
and then full line voltage is applied.
Low power loss, low starting
current, less radiated heat (>> 25
Hp)

Star Delta Starting

This method is used for the motors
designed to operate in delta connected
winding.
The stator phases are first connected to the
star by the help of triple pole double throw
switch (TPDT switch) in the diagram the
position is marked as 1
when the steady state speed is reached the
switch is thrown to position 2 ( Delta
connection) as shown in the above diagram.
In the first position the terminals of the
motor are short circuited and in the second
position from the diagram the terminal a, b
and c are respectively connected to B, C
and A.
The starting torque is reduced by 66 .7 %
and the reduction in voltage is fixed (5-25
Hp)

Starting Methods Of Wound Rotor Motors

We can employ all the methods that
we have discussed for starting of the
squirrel cage induction motor in
order to start the wound rotor
motors.
Rotor Resistance Starting Method:
At the time of starting of the motor,
the entire external resistance is
added in the rotor circuit.
Then the external rotor resistance is
decreased in steps as the rotor
speeds up.
Under normal condition when the
motor develops load torque the
external resistance is removed
This will decrease the starting
current, increases the starting torque
and also improves the power factor.

Speed Control
A

3 phase induction motor is basically a

constant speed motor
So its somewhat difficult to control its
speed.
The speed control of induction motor is
done at the cost of decrease in efficiency
and low electrical power factor.

Speed Control Types

V/F
Method

Stator Side

Speed
Control
Rotor Side

Supply
Voltage
Method
Stator
poles
Method
Stator
resistance
Method
Rotor
resistance
Method
Cascade
Method
Slip
frequency
emf into
rotor Method

V / F control or frequency
control
In three phase induction motor emf is induced by

induction similar to that of transformer which is given

by
Now if we change frequency synchronous speed
changes but with decrease in frequency flux will
increase and this change in value of flux causes
saturation of rotor and stator cores which will further
cause increase in no load current of the motor .
So its important to maintain flux constant and it is only
possible if we change voltage
If we decrease frequency but at the same time if we
decrease voltage causes flux to remain constant.
We are keeping the ratio of V/ f as constant. Hence its
name is V/ f method.

Supply Voltage Method

The

torque produced by running three phase

induction motor at low slip is given by:

From the equation above it is clear that if we

decrease supply voltage torque will also decrease.
But for supplying the same load, the torque must
remains the same and it is only possible if we
increase the slip and if the slip increases the motor
will run at reduced speed .
This method of speed control is rarely used
because small change in speed requires large
reduction in voltage, and hence the current drawn
by motor increases, which cause over heating of
induction motor.

Stator Poles Method

Multiple stator winding method:
In this method of speed control of three phase
induction motor , the stator is provided by two
separate winding.
These two stator windings are electrically isolated
from each other and are wound for two different pole
numbers.
Using switching arrangement, at a time , supply is
given to one winding only and hence speed control
is possible.
Disadvantages of this method is that the smooth
speed control is not possible . This method is more
costly and less efficient as two different stator
winding are required.

Stator resistance Method

In this method of speed control of three phase
induction motor rheostat is added in the
stator circuit due to this voltage gets
dropped .
In case of three phase induction motor torque
produced is given by T sV22.
If we decrease supply voltage torque will also
decrease.
But for supplying the same load , the torque
must remains the same and it is only possible
if we increase the slip and if the slip increase
motor will run reduced speed.

Rotor Resistance Method

In this method of speed control of three phase induction
motor external resistance are added on rotor side.
Now if we increase rotor resistance torque decreases but
to supply the same load torque must remains constant.
So, we increase slip, which will further results in decrease
in rotor speed.
Thus by adding additional resistance in rotor circuit we can
decrease the speed of three phase induction motor.
The main advantage of this method is that with addition of
external resistance starting torque increases
The speed above the normal value is not possible.
Large speed change requires large value of resistance and
if such large value of resistance is added in the circuit it
will cause large copper loss and hence reduction in
efficiency.

Injecting Slip Frequency Emf

Into Rotor Side
When the speed control of three phase induction motor is done by adding
resistance in rotor circuit, some part of power called, the slip power is lost
as I2R losses.
Therefore the efficiency of three phase induction motor is reduced by this
method of speed control.
This slip power loss can be recovered and supplied back in order to improve
the overall efficiency of three phase induction motor and this scheme of
recovering the power is called slip power recovery scheme
This is done by connecting an external source of emf of slip frequency to the
rotor circuit.
The injected emf can either oppose the rotor induced emf or aids the rotor
induced emf.
If it oppose the rotor induced emf, the total rotor resistance increases and
hence speed decreases
If the injected emf aids the main rotor emf the total resistance decreases
and hence speed increases.
Therefore by injecting induced emf in rotor circuit the speed can be easily
controlled.
The main advantage of this type of speed control of three phase induction
motor is that wide range of speed control is possible whether its above
normal or below normal speed.