FREE VIBRATION

Presented by
Tuan Mohd Hafeez bin
Tuan Ibrahim

Introduction

Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium

point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a
pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel
road.
Vibration is occasionally "desirable". For example the motion of a
tuning fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the
cone of a loudspeaker is desirable vibration, necessary for the
correct functioning of the various devices.
More often, vibration is undesirable, wasting energy and creating
unwanted sound noise. For example, the vibrational motions of
engines, electric motors, or any mechanical device in operation are
typically unwanted. Such vibrations can be caused by imbalances in
the rotating parts, uneven friction, the meshing of gear teeth, etc.
Careful designs usually minimize unwanted vibrations.

Why Do We Care About Vibration?

Vibration is:

Wasted energy
A major cause of component failure
Cause of aircraft noise which contributes to crew and
passenger discomfort
For some cases, vibration are desirable

Desirable Vibration
Time keeping

MRI

Atomic Force Microscopy

Ultrasound

Undesirable Vibrations
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

Earthquake-induced Vibrational Failure:

Haiti 2010

Chili 2010

Sichuan 2008

Vibration Control and Isolation

Terminology

Period (T) time for harmonic motion to complete 1 cycle. Unit is second
(s)
T = 2/ s
Cycle Complete movement in 1 period of time.
Peak to Peak - The distance from the top of the positive peak to bottom of
the negative peak.
Peak - The measurement from the zero line to the top of the positive peak.
Average (AVG) - .637 of peak.
Root Mean Square (RMS) - .707 of peak.

Frequency
The rate of mechanical oscillation in a period of time.
Frequency can be expressed in one of the following
units:
RPM - Revolutions per Minute
CPM - Cycles per Minute
CPS - Cycles per Second
Hz - Hertz, 1 Hz 1 Cycle per Second (to convert from Hz to RPM or
CPM, apply the following formula: Hz * 60 = RPM.

Types of vibration (Scopes of Lecture)

Vibration

Free Vibration

Undamped

Force Vibration

Damped

Free Vibration
FREE Vibration Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is set
off with an initial input and then allowed to vibrate freely.
In each case, when the body is moved away from the rest position, there
is natural force that tries to return it to its rest position.

Free Vibration
Undamped

Simplest system: one degree of freedom

Damped

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Oscillation motion may repeat itself periodically.

If the motion is repeated after equal interval of time, it
is called periodic motion.
This simple type of oscillation is called harmonic
motion.
Criteria of SHM:
i.

ii.

Acceleration is directly proportional to the shift from a fixed

point.
The acceleration is pointing/go back to the fixed point.

Crank of radius A rotates about the point O and at the

end of crank P
When crank rotates with angular velocity w, the end
point S of the slotted link and hence the mass m of the
spring-mass system are displaced from their middle
position by an amount x (in time t) given by:
X = A sin = A sin t
Where = 90, 270, x = 0; = 180, x = -A

(5.1)

The velocity of the mass m at time t is given by:

The acceleration is

x = A sin = A sin t

Harmonic motion can be represented conveniently

From description above, oscillation of mass are in

harmonic motion and can be expressed as:
z = A cos t + B sin t
(5.6)

Where:
A and B are constant number found from the initial
condition of the system and the is the frequency of
oscillation in rad/s.

Undamped Free Vibration - Pendulum

System

The natural frequency of the system can be determined in two ways:

i.

Newtons Law of Motion

ii.

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Pendulum System Newtons Law of

Motion

Pendulum System Principle of Conversion

of Energy

Undamped Free Vibration Mass Spring

System

Mass Spring System Newtons Law of

Motion

Mass Spring System Principle of

Conservation of Energy

Undamped Free Vibration Inertia Shaft/

Disc System

Inertia Shaft/Disc System Newtons Law

of Motion

Inertia Shaft/Disc System Potential Energy

Method

Equivalence Method

Equivalence Length System

Spring In Series

Spring In Parallel

Equivalence Distributed Mass

Equivalence Mass Point

Equivalence Pendulum System

Example
Given one pendulum system with the rope length is half
meter. Find the natural frequency in rad/s and periodic
time in second.

Example

Example

DAMPED FREE VIBRATION

Introduction
In many practical, vibration energy is gradually converted to heat or
sound. Due to the energy reduction of the system, the
displacement of the system gradually decreases. Mechanism by
which vibration energy is gradually converted into heat or sound is
known as damping. Although the amount of energy is converted
into heat or sound is relatively small, the consideration of damping
becomes important for an accurate prediction of the vibration
response of a system. It is difficult to determine the causes of
damping in practical system. Hence damping is modelling as one or
more of the following types:

DAMPED FREE VIBRATION

Viscous Damping
It is commonly used damping mechanism in vibration
analysis. When mechanical system vibrate in a fluid
medium such as air, gas, water and oil, the resistance
offered by the fluid to the moving body causes energy to
dissipated. In this case, the amount of dissipated energy
depends in many factors such as the size and shape of
the vibration body, the viscous of the fluid the frequency
of vibration and the velocity of the vibration body. Typical
examples of the viscous damping include:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

fluid film between sliding surface

fluid flow around a piston in a cylinder
fluid flow through an orifice
fluid film around a journal in a bearing

Coulomb or dry friction damping

Here the damping is constant in magnitude but opposite in direction
to that of the vibration body. It is caused by friction between rubbing
surface that are either dry or have insufficient lubrication.

Material or solid hysteretic damping

When materials are deformed, energy is absorbed and dissipated
by the material. The effect is due to friction between the internal
planes, which slip or slide as the deformations take place. When a
body having material damping is subjected to vibration, the stressstrain diagram shown as hysteretic loop. The area of this loop
denotes the energy lost per unit volume if the body per cycle to
damping.