Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
al
g
h
r
C
ne
e
of
s
lem
b
es
c
Pro
r
u
o
s
re
y
erg
n
E
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Energy
& Conservati
on
Eng./ Rashid bin Sulaiman Al Lamki
March 2016

 Industrialised countries need large amounts

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
al
g
h
r
C
ne
e
f
o
s
m
e
bl
o
r
s
P
e
c
ur
o
es
r
gy
r
Ene
ds
n
re
T
g
n
i
is
m
Pro
ion
s
clu
n
Co

of energy.

Most of this energy comes form fossil fuels

which are burnt in power stations, factories,
homes and vehicles.

These fossil fuels formed millions of years

ago, and are non-renewable.

Once the fossil fuels have been used up

there will be no more to replace them

1. Dependence on fossil fuels

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
y
l
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
s
r
e
P
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

vs.
Desire of maintaining low-carbon
emissions.

2. The problem of political will and

policies for the alternative energy
resources.

3. New promising trends

Energy Problems
Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
s
r
e
P
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
io n
s
lu
c
n
Co

The Environmental Dimension

Transport
Transport
Use
Use
Disposal
Disposal

oil spills
oil spills
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse
gas
effects
effects
Radioactive
wastes

Energy Problems
The Environmental Dimension

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
s
r
e
P
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
io n
s
lu
c
n
Co

Cumulative CO2 Emission: Top 10 Countries in 2007

Energy Problems
on
i
t
uc
d
ro

e?
g
n
lle
a
ch
e
th
s
i
at
y
h
g
r
W
ne

Int

en
f
so
m
le
b
o
s
e
Pr
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
s
En
d
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Social
Conveniences

Economic Dimension
Industrial
economy

National Security
Dimension

Vulnerability
among worlds
leading oil
consumers

Impact 1973
OPEC embargos

Coal
Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
r
es
P
c
r
u
o
s
re
y
rg
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
n
o
i
lus
c
n
Co

Issues
Cost
safety
Diverts
resources

Environmental
impacts

Advantage
s

Uses

high cost of cheap coal

abundant

Air pollution

cheap

Electricity

SO2, Nox, CO2

Heating

emissions

Cooking

Mining impacts

Industry

Safety.
Health water around
the mines
Disposal of byproducts
Clean coal:
technology = Carbon
sequestration

Natural Gas
on
i
t
uc
d
ro

e?
g
n
lle
a
ch
e
th
s
i
at
y
h
g
r
W
ne

Int

en
f
so
m
le
b
o
ve es
i
t
Pr
a
rc
n
r
u
e
o
Alt res
y
g
r
e
ds
n
En
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
n
o
i
lus
c
n
Co

Environmental
impacts
Pipeline construction
and
leaks
Emissions of
greenhouse gas
Flares

Advantages
Cleanest burning of all fossil fuels
Most efficient
World production and reserves
continue to rise
Known reserves:
60 year supply at current use rates

Nuclear Power
on
i
t
uc
d
ro

e?
g
n
lle
a
ch
e
th
s
i
at
y
h
g
r
W
ne

Int

en
f
so
m
le
b
o
s
e
Pr
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Issues

Environmental
impacts

Problems in its
development

Does not emit NOx, SO2,

Decline in public
acceptance

Nuclear Waste

High cost
Liability
(Insurance)

CO2

Accidents:
1-Three Mile Island plant,
(1979)
2- Chernobyl (1989)

Uses
About 5% global
energy
consumption.

Oil
on
i
t
uc
d
ro

e?
g
n
lle
a
ch
e
th
s
i
at
y
h
g
r
W
ne

Int

n
e
f
so
m
le
b
s
o
e
c
Pr
ur
o
s
re
y
rg
e
ds
En
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

% Global world production

25%
20%

Saudi Arabia

15%

UAE

10%

Kuwait

Iraq
Iran
Venezuela
USA

5%

Mexico
0%

Oil production %
Issues
almost assured because of
distributional conflicts e.g.
Niger Delta Oil

Environmental impacts
Gas flaring
Pipeline leaks
CO2 emissions
Air pollution: SO2, NOx, O3
Oil spills

Accidents:
Exxon Valdez [1989]

Services

Electricity
Heat
Motive power
Water pumping for millions
in dev. countries

Wast
Waste
e

geothermal
geothermal

Wind
Wind

Tidal
Tidal

Hydrogen
Hydrogen

biomass
biomass

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
s
r
e
P
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
Pro
ion
s
clu
n
Co

solar
solar PV
PV

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

Hydropower
Hydropower

Int

Renewable Sources

Sectors
agriculture
Small industry
Homes, schools, and other
community needs.

Sources of Energy

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
es
r
c
P
r
ou
s
e
r
y
erg
n
E
ds
n
re
T
g
n
i
is
m
Pro
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Renewable Energy in Developing Countries

%%
7040
% hot
45 water
existing
renewable
power
existing
solar
capacity
capacity
bio-fuels production

Renewable Energy Promotion

# countries

23

37

developed and
transition countries
developing
countries

Policies to Promote Renewable Energy

(Most common policies)

Feed-in law

Renewable
portfolio standards (RPS)
renewable obligations
quota
United States, Canada,
India, Australia, China,
Italy, Japan, Poland,
Sweden, and the United
Kingdom.

producers
guaranteed sale to
electric network

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
es
r
c
P
r
ou
s
e
r
y
erg
n
E
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

a % of generation
sold or capacity
providedinstalled is
by renewable
energy

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

37 countries

enacted since 2002.

Wind

u
d
o
ntr

on
i
t
c

s?
e
ng
e
y
l
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
o
s
r
e
P
c
ur
o
es
r
y
g
r
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Fastest growing worlds renewable energy resource

28 % worldwide in 2007.
Europe leads world in installed capacity
Issues and Impacts in Wind power
- No air emissions
- Impact on birds: mountain ridges
- Cost competitive

Biofuels: Ethanol and Biodiesel

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
em
l
b
o
r
es
c
P
r
u
o
s
re
y
rg
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Used for Power and heating

Expanding in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and
the Baltic countries . It provides substantial shares (550
percent) of district heating fuel.

Used in Developing Countries at small-scale power and

heat production from agricultural waste is common, for
example from rice or coconut husks.

The use of bagasse (sugar cane after juice extraction) in

countries with large sugar industry
[Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Cuba, India, the
Philippines, and Thailand].

The use of Corn

Criticism/Fears of Biofuels
Long-term effects on agriculture and the
Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
s
o
e
r
c
P
ur
o
es
r
rgy
e
En
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr
ion
s
clu
n
Co

environment.

Process of producing biofuels :

-

Cultivation

Fertilization

Harvesting

transportation)

could introduce parallel carbon emissions.

Promising trends
Clean energy investment in emerging economies is

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
s
o
r
e
c
P
ur
o
s
re
y
rg
e
En
ds
n
re
T
g
n
i
is
m
Pro
ion
s
clu
n
Co

small but growing.

Developing Asian nations lead emerging markets in
clean energy investment
Solar attracts the most investment in emerging
markets
Solar accounts for more than half of clean energy
additions in emerging markets
Energy poverty is driving attention and resources to
emerging economies.
Growth of future energy demand will be greatest in
developing countries.
Developing countries account for two-thirds of
demand growth to 2030 .
Renewable energy projected to supply most new
power capacity worldwide through 2030

Promising trends
Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
m
e
l
b
s
o
r
e
c
P
ur
o
s
re
y
rg
e
En
ds
n
re
T
g
n
i
is
m
Pro
ion
s
clu
n
Co

Conclusion

Imagination is more important than knowledge, for knowledge is

Int

on
i
t
uc
d
ro

s?
e
ng
e
l
y
g
al
r
h
C
ne
e
of
s
em
l
b
es
o
c
r
r
P
u
o
s
re
y
erg
n
E
ds
n
re
T
ng
i
s
i
m
o
Pr

limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world

stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution.
Albert Einstein

All energy sources have an impact on the environment.

Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, air
pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest
and more development in renewable energy sources such as
solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and hydrogen.
we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear energy
until new, cleaner technologies can replace them.
What policies are needed to conserve energy and advance
renewable energy?

ion
s
clu
Question of Political will and the right policies
n
Co
The future is ours, but we need energy to get there.