* Linear Circuit

Analysis

* Physical Quantities
* Units / Unit Conversions
* Scientific Notation
* Linearity
* Homogeneity
* Additive

* Resistance

*Revision

* Significant figure, Accuracy, Rounding off

* Voltage
* Current
* Conductors and Insulators
* Resistance
* Types
* Temperature Analysis

* Ohms Law

*Todays Focus

* Significant digits are those integers (0 to 9)

that can be assumed to be accurate for the

measurement being made
* All non zero numbers are significant
* Zeros are significant only if they define the
size of the number and surrounded by non zero
numbers
* 1004
* 0.4020

*Significant Digit

* Accuracy is

* 10th , 100th , 1000th and so on

* Addition or Subtraction of approximate

numbers is determined by the lowest accuracy

* Rounding off

* Determine an appropriate level of accuracy

* Add 1 if the last digit is 5 or greater
* 12.186 12.19 41.9433 41.943

*Accuracy & Rounding

Off

* Ohms Law
* Power
* Resistance in Series
* Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
* Voltage Divider Rule

*Revision

* Energy and Efficiency

* Power Distribution
* Notations
* Voltage regulation and Internal Resistance
* Loading Effect of Instrument
* Parallel DC circuits
* Quiz

*Todays Focus

* Energy and Efficiency

* Power Distribution
* Notations
* Voltage regulation and Internal Resistance
* Loading Effect of Instrument

*Revision

* Problem Solution

*Todays Focus

* Problem Solving

* Ohms Law
* Series DC Circuits

*Revision

* A few more Series DC Circuits

* Parallel DC Circuit treatment
* What are Parallel Circuits?
* Power Distribution
* Kirchhoffs Current Law
* Current Divider Rule
* Voltage Sources in Parallel
* Open and Short Circuits

*Todays Focus

* For each network of Fig. 5.74, determine the

current I, the source voltage E, the unknown
resistance, and the voltage across each
element.

*Series DC Circuit

* 12. Find the unknown quantities in the circuits

of Fig. 5.82 using the information provided.

*Series DC Circuit

* 15. Using the voltage divider rule, find Vab

(with polarity) for the circuits of Fig. 5.85.

*Series DC Circuit

*Parallel DC Circuits
Chapter 6

* A few more Series DC Circuits

* Parallel DC Circuit treatment
* What are Parallel Circuits?
* Power Distribution
* Kirchhoffs Current Law
* Current Divider Rule
* Voltage Sources in Parallel
* Open and Short Circuits

*Todays Focus

* Two elements, branches, or networks are in

parallel if they have two points in common

*Parallel Circuits

* For parallel elements, the total conductance is

the sum of the individual conductance.
* GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + . . . + GN

*Parallel DC Circuits

*Total Conductance

and Resistance

* Till now, Circuits with only one source

* Voltage Source
* Voltage Constant, Current Varies

* Current Source

* Current Constant, Voltage Varies

*Sources

*Current Source

* Source conversions are equivalent only at their

external terminals.

*Source Conversion

* Current Sources in

Parallel

* Current sources of different current ratings are

not connected in series
* Similar as different rating Voltage Sources are
not connected in Parallel

* Current Sources in Series

* Assign a distinct current of

arbitrary direction to each

branch of the network
* Indicate the polarities for
each resistor as determined
by the assumed current
direction
* Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law
around each closed,
independent loop of the
network
* Apply Kirchhoffs current law

*Branch Current Method

* Assign a distinct current in the

clockwise direction (Not a Must)

to each independent, closed loop
of the network
* Indicate the polarities within
each loop for each resistor as
determined by the assumed
direction of loop current for that
loop
* Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law
around each closed loop in the
clockwise direction

*Mesh Analysis

* If a resistor has two or more

assumed currents through it, the

total current through the resistor
is the assumed current of the loop
in which Kirchhoffs voltage law is
being applied, plus the assumed
currents of the other loops passing
through in the same direction,
minus the assumed currents
through in the opposite direction.
* Current entering from +ve plate of
a voltage source be taken as
voltage drop

*Mesh Analysis

*Mesh Analysis

*Mesh Analysis

*Mesh Analysis

*Super mesh Currents

*Super mesh Currents

* Determine the number of

nodes within the network

* Label each node with a
subscripted value of voltage:
V1, V2

* Apply Kirchhoffs current law

at each node
* Solve the resulting equations
for the nodal voltages

*Nodal Analysis

*Nodal Analysis

*Nodal Analysis

*Nodal Analysis

*Nodal Analysis
Alternate Method

*Bridge Networks

*Bridge Networks

* What is the condition for ZERO current through

R5 ?

Assignment

*Bridge Network

*Wye (Y)Delta () Conversion

*Y --- Conversion

* Now calculate RA, RB and RC ?

Assignment

*Y --- Conversion

* Network Theorems
Chapter 9

* The current through, or voltage across, an

element in a linear bilateral network is equal
to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages
produced independently by each source

* Superposition Theorem

*Procedure SP Theorem

*Superposition

*Superposition

* Using superposition, nd the current through

the 6- resistor of the network
* Calculate the power levels

*Applications of SP

* What is the condition for ZERO current through

R5 ?

Assignment

*Bridge Network

* Now calculate RA, RB and RC ?

Assignment

*Y --- Conversion

* Any two-terminal, linear bilateral dc network

can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source and a series
resistor

*Thevenins Theorem

*Thevenins Theorem

* Preliminary

* Remove that portion of the network across which

the Thevenin equivalent circuit is to be found
* Mark the terminals of the remaining twoterminal network

* Thevenin Resistance RTh

* Set all sources to zero. Short the voltage

sources, open the current sources

* Equivalent Voltage ETh

* Return all sources to their original position, find

open-circuit voltage between the marked
terminals

*Procedure

*Example

*One More Example

Q2- Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for a dc power supply that
has a 30-V terminal voltage when delivering 400 mA and a 27-V
terminal voltage when delivering 600 mA.

*Assignment

* Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network

can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source and a parallel
resistor

*Nortons Theorem

* Preliminary

* Remove that portion of the network across which the

Norton equivalent circuit is to be found
* Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal
network

* Thevenin Resistance RTh

* RTh = RN

* Equivalent Current IN

* Return all sources to their original position, find

short circuit current between the marked terminals

*Procedure

*Example

* A load will receive maximum power from a

linear bilateral dc network when its total

resistive value is exactly equal to the Thvenin
resistance of the network as seen by the
load

* Max Power Transfer

Theorem

* Plot of PL versus RL using the data

for the

range RL = 1 to 20

*Assignment

* A dc generator, battery, and laboratory supply

are connected to a resistive load RL

a. For each, determine the value of RL for

maximum power transfer to RL
b. Determine RL for 75% efciency

*Max Power Transfer

* Study Millmans Theorem

* Study Reciprocity Theorem

*Assignment

* Sinusoidal Alternating
Waveforms
Chapter 13

* Till now consideration on constant Voltage and

Current
* Lets Examine Varying Waveforms called
Alternating Waveform

* The term

alternating indicates only that the

waveform alternates between two prescribed
levels in a set time sequence

Emphasis on Sinusoidal

* Sinusoidal Varying

Waveforms

*Generation

* Waveform

* Traced Path

* Instantaneous value
* Peak amplitude
* Peak value
* Peak-to-peak value
* Periodic waveform
* Time Period (T)
* Cycle
* Frequency (Hz)

* Hertz = Cycle/Sec f = 1/T

*Definitions

* Find the period of a periodic waveform with a

frequency of

* a. 60 Hz
* b. 1000 Hz

* Determine the frequency of the waveform

*Frequency

* The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating

waveform whose shape is unaffected by the response

characteristics of R, L, and C elements
* Radian Vs Degree

*The Sine Wave

* Convert into Radians

* 90o
* 275o

*Radian Vs Degree

*Angular Velocity ()

* The general representation is

* AmSin AmSint

* Instantaneous Value is given by

* i = ImSint ImSin
* e = EmSint EmSin

*SINUSOIDAL

VOLTAGE OR CURRENT

* Given e=5sin, determine e at =40and =0.8

a. Determine the angle at which the magnitude of the

sinusoidal function v =10sin377t is 4 V.
b. Determine the time at which the magnitude is attained

*Example

*Geometric Relationships

*Phase Relation

* Average Value = Area under the curve / Length

*Effective Value /RMS Valus

*Average Value

Effective / RMS Value

*RMS Example

The 120-V dc source delivers 3.6 W to the load. Determine the peak
value of the applied voltage (Em) and the current (Im) if the ac source
is to deliver the same power to the load

*Example

Find RMS valus

*Example

Q For the periodic waveform

a. Find the period T.
b. How many cycles are
shown?
c. What is the frequency?
d. Determine the positive
amplitude and peak-to-peak
value.

*Problems

*Problems

* Find the average value of the periodic waveforms

over one full cycle.

* Average value of Sine ?

*Problems

* Find the rms values of the following sinusoidal

waveforms:

* v = 20 sin 754t
* v = 7.07 sin 377t
* i = 0.006 sin(400t + 20)
* i = 16x10-3 sin(377t - 10)

*Problems

* The Basic Elements

Chapter 14Phasors
and

* Rate of change

* dx/dt
* If x fails to change at some instant, dx/dt is
ZERO

*The Derivative

*The Derivative

*RESPONSE OF BASIC R,

L, AND C ELEMENTS TO
A SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
OR CURRENT

* For power-line frequencies and frequencies up to a

few hundred kilohertz, resistance is, for all
practical purposes, unaffected by the frequency of
the applied sinusoidal voltage or current.
* For this frequency region, the resistor R can be
treated as a constant, and Ohms law can be
applied as follows

*The Resistor

* Voltage depends on Value of L and flux linkage

* Unlike resistor which dissipates energy,
Inductor stores energy

*The Inductor

*Current depends on Value of C and Charge linkage

*Unlike resistor which dissipates energy, Capacitor
stores energy

*The Capacitor

* The current through a 0.1-H coil is provided.

Find the sinusoidal expression for the voltage

across the coil. Sketch the v and i curves

*Example

* The voltage across a 1-F capacitor is provided

below. What is the sinusoidal expression for the

current? Sketch the v and i curves.

*Example

* For the following pairs of voltages and

currents, determine whether the element

involved is a capacitor, an inductor, or a
resistor, and determine the value of C, L, or R
if sufcient data are provided

*Class Assignment

* Reactance
* XL = L

Xc = 1/C

*Frequency Effect on L & C

* Resistor Zero Slope Straight Line

* Inductor (XL Vs f) Straight Line
* Capacitor (XC Vs f) Hyperbola

*Frequency Response

* At what frequency will the reactance of a 200-mH

inductor match the resistance level of a 5-k resistor?

* At what frequency will an inductor of 5 mH have the
same reactance as a capacitor of 0.1 F?

*Example

*Average Power

*Average Power

* If cos = 0 then power P is zero

* If cos = 1 then power P is maximum

*Power Factor

*Power Factor

*Problem

* x + jy
* Rectangular and Polar form
* Mathematical Operations

* Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

*Complex Numbers

*Adding Sine waves

* How to add sinusoidal voltage or currents?

* Lengthy and cumbersome point to point addition

* Using Phasors

* Phasor

* Radius vector, having a constant magnitude (length)

with one end xed at the origin
* For uniformity purposes, rms values of sine waves
are used

*Phasors

*Example

*Problem

* Passive elements can either store/discharge

energy or dissipate energy

* How energy storing devices discharge energy in
absence of forcing force?
* Lets SEE

*Natural Response

* How energy is stored in an Inductor and

Capacitor when it is connected to an input

* Lets SEE

*Forced Response

* Unlike passive elements, active elements

amplify either current or voltage

* Operational amplifier (OP AMP) is a voltage
amplifier
* It is a differential amplifier

*Operational Amplifier

* Ideal Op Amp has

* Infinite open-loop voltage gain

* Infinite input impedance
* Zero output impedance
* Zero noise contribution
* Zero DC output offset
* Infinite bandwidth
* Differential inputs stick together i.e. same
voltage appears at both inputs

*Op Amp

* Voltage follower

*Basic Circuits

* Non-inverting amplifier

*Basic Circuits

* Inverting amplifier

*Basic Circuits

* Summing amplifier

*Basic Circuits

* Differential amplifier

*Basic Circuits

*Forced response