Reference books

Azar J.J. and G. Robello Samuel, 2007,

Drilling Engineering, PennWell Books
Bourgoyne Jr, A.T., Millheim, K.K.,
Chenevert. M.E. & Young Jr., F.S.,, 1986,
Applied Drilling Engineering, Society of
Petroleum Engineers, SPE textbook series
Lyson, W 2009 Air and Gas Drilling Manual
Mitchell, R and Miska ,S Fundamentals of
Drilling
Engineering

Teaching Material and books

Rabia Hussain, Well Engineering and
construction.
Joshi PP , Horizontal well Technology
www.spe.org
www.bookboon.com

Rigs Components

Types of Rigs
Drilling rigs are classified as:
I. Land rigs
II. Offshore rigs
Floating rigs
Semisubmersible
Drillship
Bottom- supported rigs: there are three types
Jack ups
Platform
Barge

Inland Barge

Land

Jackup
Semisubmersible
Drillship
Types of
Drilling Rigs

Types of Rigs
Land Rig

Platform

Semi-Submersible
Jack-up

T.L.P.
Drill Ship

Land Rig

Offshore Drilling Rigs

SUBMERSIBLE (35 50 world wide)
INLAND BARGES (POSTED) - Very Shallow Water (up to 20
22ft)
SUBMERSIBLE RIG / BARGE - Shallow Water (up to 70
100ft)
PLATFORM
Intermediate Water
(Petronius US GOM= 1800ft+)
JACK-UP
Shallow to Intermediate Water
(+/-400 worldwide)
(20 400ft, very few >300ft)
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE Intermediate Deep Water
(+/ 180 world wide)
(300 7500+ft)
DRILL SHIP

Intermediate Deep Water

SHALLOW-WATER BARGE RIG

PLATFORM RIG

JACK-UP
RIG
Derrick cantilevered
over stern of hull.

Well conductor

SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE RIG
Ocean America (on tow)

DRILLSHIPS

Fundamentals
A drilling rig is a device used to drill, case and cement oil and
gas wells.
The correct procedure for selecting and sizing a drilling rig is
as follows:
1. Design the well
2. Establish the various loads to be expected during and testing
operations and use the highest loads. This point establish the depth
rating of the rig
3. Compare the rating of existing rigs with the design loads
4. Select the appropriate rig and its components.

Main Drilling Rig Equipment Systems

Rig Equipment Systems

Derrick and Substructure
Hoisting System
Circulating System
Rotating System
Blow Out Prevention
Power System

Derrick and Substructure

DERRICK
Vertical Structure that provide the vertical height required
to raise and lower the drillstring to hole.
This structure withstand two types of loading wind and
compressive loading.

Derrick and Substructure

Derrick and Substructure

SUBSTRUCTU
RE
The foundation in which the derrick and usually the
Draw-works sit.
The substructure must support not only the derrick with
its load but also the weight of other large pieces of
equipment.
It contains space for storage and well control equipment.

THE HOISTING SYSTEM

HOISTING SYSTEM
Used for raising and lowering the drilling
assembly, and for running casing, completion
equipment and other tools in and out of the
hole.

Crown Block

Deadline
Wireline

Hoisting
System

Traveling Block

Fast Line

Pipe elevators
Deadline Anchor

Drawworks

6
Drum
Drum Brake

Storage Reel

Hoisting System
DRAWWORKS
It provide the hoisting and braking power require to raise or
lower the heavy strings of pipe.
The principal parts of the draw works are:
Rotating drum
A series of shafts
Drum brake
Chains and gears for changing speed and for reversing
Cathead

It contains the main brake for stopping the drilling line.

Drawworks

Hoisting System
CROWN
BLOCK
A block located at the top of the derrick.
It contains a of sheaves on which is wound the
drilling line.
Used to change the direction of pull from the draw
works to the travelling block.

Crown Block

Hoisting System
TRAVELLING BLOCK
The block and tackle which is rigged with the
crown block by multiples of drilling line strung
between the crown block and the travelling block.

Traveling Block

Hoisting System
DEADLINE ANCHOR
An equipment that holds down the deadline part of
the wire rope. This prevent the line from slipping
and the travelling block from falling It is usually
bolted on to the substructure.

Deadline Anchor

Hoisting System
THE HOOK
The hook is located beneath the travelling block.
This device is used to pick up and secure the
swivel and Kelly.

Hoisting System
DRILLING
LINE

The wire rope used to support the Drilling Tools

made up of strands wound around a steel core.
Each strand contains a number of small wires
wound around a central core.

Hoisting System
DRILLING
LINE
Types of Wire Rope Lay
Right Lang Lay
Left Lang Lay

Hoisting System
DRILLING
LINE

Type of Wire Rope Construction

Hoisting System
DRILLING
LINE
The drilling line has a 6 x 19 construction with
independent wire rope core ( IWRC) this
construction implies that there are 6 strands
containing 19 filler wires.

ROTATING SYSTEM

Rotating Equipment
The swivel supports the weight
of the drillstring and permits
rotation.
The kelly is the first section of
pipe below the swivel.
The outside cross-section of the
kelly is square or hexagonal to
permit it to be gripped easily for
turning.
The major portion of the
drillstring is the drillpipe. The
drillpipe in common use is hotrolled, pierced, seamless
tubing.
The drill collars are thickwalled heavy steel tubulars
used to apply weight to the bit.
The buckling tendency of drill
pipe prevent its use for this
purpose. Stabilizer subs are
often used to help keep the drill
collars centralized in the hole.
The bit crushes the rock as it
drills.

Swivel
Kelly
Kelly Bushing
K.B. Elevation
Rotary Table

Drill Pipe
Drill Collars
Bit

Rotating Equipment
SWIVEL
The rotary tool that is hung from
the hook of the traveling block
to suspend the drill string and
permit it to rotate freely.
It also connects the rotary hose
to the drill string and provide
passageway for the flow of
drilling fluid into the drillstring.
The swivel must support the
weight of the drillstring.

Rotating Equipment
KELLY
It is suspended from the Swivel through the a properly fitting
bushing know as Kelly bushing and connected to the topmost
joint of drillpipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns.
The heavy steel member, usually four or six-sided

Rotating Equipment
KELLY
It has a bored
passageway that permits
fluid to be circulated into
the drill stem and up the
annulus or vise versa.

Rotating Equipment
KELLY
BUSHING
A device that when fitted
to master bushing
transmits torque to the
Kelly and simultaneously
permits vertical movement
of the Kelly to make hole.

Rotating Equipment
MASTER
BUSHING

A device that fits into the

rotary table opening to
accommodate the slips and
drive the Kelly bushing so
that the rotating motion of
the rotary table can be
transmitted to the Kelly

Rotating Equipment
ROTARY
TABLE

Equipment used to turn the drill stem and support

the drilling assembly.

Rotating Equipment
ROTARY
TABLE
It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the
rotational motion and opening into which bushings
are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.
It transmits the rotary motion or torque from the
power source to the drive bushing.

Rotary Table

Rotating Equipment
TOP DRIVE
An alternative to the Kelly and rotary table
located below the Swivel that when actuated
allows the Drillstem to spin and proceed in drilling
most modern rigs employ a Top Drive system for
rotating the drill string

Top Drive System

Top Drive System

Top
drive

A frame

Guide
rails

Rig floor

Drill pipe

THE CIRCULATING
SYSTEM

Circulation System
Swivel
Standpipe
Mud
pump

Rotary hose
Kelly

Mud House
Discharge
Chemical tank

Mud return
line

Drill pipe
Annulus

Reserve
pit

Shale
shaker
Mud pit
Shaleslide

Drill Collar
Borehole
Bit

Circulation System
A major function of the fluid
circulating system is to remove the
rock cutting from the hole as drilling
progresses.

Circulation System
The drilling mud travels
1. From the steel tanks to the mud pump
2. From the pump through the high pressure surface
connection to the drillstring
3. Through the drillstring to the bit
4. Through the nozzles of the bit and up the annular
space
5. Through the contaminant - removal equipment back
to the suction tank

Circulation System
Circulating system consist of the following:

1. Mud Pump

7. Return Line

2. Pump Manifold

8. Shale Shaker

3. Standpipe

9. Desander

4. Swivel

10. Desilter

5. Drillstring

11. Degasser

6. Annulus

12. Mud tanks

Circulation System

Circulation System
MUD PUMP
The heart of the circulating system is the mud pumps.
There are two types of pumps used in oil industry duplex, and
triplex
A basic pump consist of a piston ( the liner) reciprocating
inside a cylinder.
A pump is described as a single acting if it pumps fluid on the
forward stroke, and ( triplex pump) If it pumps on both the
forward and backward strokes ( Duplex)

Triplex Pump

Circulation System
PUMP
MANIFOLD
An arrangement of piping and valves that receives drilling
fluid from one or more mud pumps and transmit the drilling
fluid to the succeeding circulating component.

Circulation System
STAND PIPE
The vertical pipe which carries mud from the rig
floor into the Derrick to the Kelly hose. It must be
pressure tested to the working pressure.

Circulation System
RETURN LINE
The passageway of the drilling fluid as it comes
out of the well.

Circulation System
SHALE
SHAKER
The shale shaker is a contaminant removing
device, and uses a vibrating screen to remove
cuttings from the mud.
It is the first solids removing device.
It is located at the end of the flow line.

Circulation System
DESANDER
A centrifugal device for removing sand from the
drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the pumps.

Circulation System
DESILTER
A centrifugal device for removing free particles of silt
from the drilling fluid to keep the amount of solids in
the fluid at the lowest possible point.

Circulation System
This vessel is used for gas contamination
Degass removal
er

Mud
Tanks

A waste pit, usually an excavated earthenwalled pit

WELL CONTROL
COMPONENTS

Well Control Component

The well control system prevents the uncontrolled flow of
formation fluids from the wellbore.

When the bit penetrates a permeable formation that has a

fluid pressure in excess of the hydrostatic pressure exerted
by the drilling fluid, formation fluids will begin displacing the
drilling fluid from the well.

The flow of formation fluids into the well in the presence of

drilling fluid is called a kick.

Well Control Component

Well Control component consist of the following:

Diverter
Blowout Preventer
Annular Blowout Preventer
Pipe Ram
Blind ram
Shear ram
Drilling Spools

Accumulator and BOP control system ( Koomey unit)

Blow-Out Preventers
Bell nipple
Fill line

Flow line
Annular
preventer

Pipe ram
Shear/blind ram
Kill line
Pipe ram

Choke
Drilling spool
BOP riser

Emergency kill line

Emergency choke
Casing head

Well Control Component

DIVERTER
A diverter system may be employed as a means of
well control during various stages of a drilling
operation by directing well flows away from the rig
and personnel.
The system can provide a degree of protection prior
to setting the casing string upon which the blow out
preventer stack and choke manifold will be installed

Diverter

Well Control Component

ANNULAR BLOWOUT PREVENTER
Stop flow from a well using a ring of synthetic
rubber that contracts in the fluid passage. The
rubber packing conforms to the shape of the
pipe in the hole.

Well Control Component

PIPE RAM
Have semicircular openings which match the
diameter of pipe sizes for which they are designed.

Well Control Component

SHEAR RAM
It is designed to shear the pipe in the hole upon
closing. This will cause the drillstring to drop into
the hole and will stop flow from the well. Shear
rams are used only when the annular and pipe
rams fail.

Well Control Component

BLIND RAM
Are designed to close the well when there is no
pipe in the hole.

Well Control Component

KILL LINE
It is used to pump mud into the well under
pressure

Well Control Component

DRILLING
SPOOLS
Used as an element between rams to provide
mud exit lines such as chock and kill lines.
Drilling spools be flanged, studded or clamp
on type.

Well Control Component

ACCUMULATOR
The accumulator is a hydraulic system that maintains
and stores enough high pressure fluid to operate every
function of the (BOP)
The system has a pump which pumps the hydraulic fluid
into storage bottles.
The storage bottles have floats which separate the
hydraulic fluid from the gas (nitrogen) in the upper part
of the chamber.

POWER
SYSTEM

Power System
Modern rigs are powered by internal combustion
diesel engines and generally sub classified
depending on the method used to transmit power
to the various rig system.

1. The diesel electric type

2. The direct drive type

Power System
Diesel Electric Rigs: are those in which the
main rig engines are used to generate electricity.
Electricity power is transmitted easily to various
rig system.

Power System
Direct Current Motors: can be wired to give
a wide range of speed torque characteristics
that are extremely well suited for the hoisting
and circulating operations.

Rig Equipment Systems