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Group Members
Amelia Dwarika
Brennan Mc Intyre
Caroline Sam
Celine Rampaul
Christian Gonsalves
Christopher Lalloo
Estvan Ollivierra
Kadesh Ramlakhan
Keithtra Hepburn
Manisha Baldeosingh
Ogechi Akpaka
Shanara Maharaj
Tricia Sinanan
Zachary Subran-Ganesh
List of Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Discuss the different methods used in the study of cells and the preparation
of tissues.
Learning Objective 1
Describe the ultrastructure of an animal cell.
Nuclear envelope: double lipid bi-layer membrane which surrounds the genetic
material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
Nucleus: contains most of the cell's genetic material, and controls the
activities of the cell by regulating gene expression.
Intermediate filaments: one of the three types of cytoskeleton elements. The three components
work together to enhance both structural integrity, cell shape, and cell and organelle motility.
Microvilli: microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells and
minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions
includingabsorption,secretion and cellular adhesion.
Centrioles: pair of organelles found in animal cells, which build the microtubules to form the
spindle during cell division.
Cytosol
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: does not have ribosomes associated with it; carries out various
metabolic reactions such as the synthesis of steroids.
Source: Ramesar, M., Jones, M., & Jones, G. (2011).Biology Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations.
Cambridge University Press.
Learning Objective 2
Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
Learning Objective 3
Describe the basic structure and properties of lipids.
Triglycerides
2.
Phospholipids
3.
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
The structure of a triglyceride can be described as three fatty acid chains
attached to one glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis. Two major functions
include insulation and energy.
Phospholipids
The structure of phospholipids can be described as having two fatty acid chains
attached via a phospho-di-ester linkage to a phosphate molecule. Phospholipids
are both hydrophilic (water loving) at the phosphate head and hydrophobic
(water hating) at the tail; because of this property it is able to form a bilayer in
membranes.
Cholesterol
The structure of cholesterol can be described as having four hydrocarbon rings:
three of them are six-carbon rings and one of them is a five-carbon ring. It is a
waxy, fat-like substance that is found in all cells of the body.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances which help
us digest foods. Our body is able to manufacture all the cholesterol it needs.
However, cholesterol is also found in some of the foods we eat. Cholesterol
travels through your bloodstream in small packages called lipoproteins. These
packages are made of lipids on the inside and proteins on the outside.
There are two kinds of lipoproteins which carry cholesterol around our body:
low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having
healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important.
Source: http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cholesterol.aspx
Learning Objective 4
Relate the morphology and relative abundance of various cellular
organelles to the functions of the cell.
Structure
Plasma Membrane
Proteins present in the structure - allow molecules to diffuse through, binding sites
that trigger cell responses.
Cholesterol - allows the communication of neighbouring cells through binding sites
and maintains fluidity of membrane.
Large structure surrounded by double membrane; species cellular
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Produces Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Structure
Stacks of flattened membrane sacs; modifies, packages & secretes proteins. E.g.
Glycoproteins
Membranous sacs; contains enzymes to digest waste material and cellular debris.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses
or bacteria.
Vacuoles
Membranous sacs; transport and store water & other minerals vital to cells health.
Mitochondria
Sacs containing 2 membranes; The outer membrane covers the organelle and
contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates
layered structures called cristae; site of Krebs cycle, electron transport system,
chemiosmosis.
ATP is produced here and the cristae creates a large surface area for maximum ATP
production.
Plastids
Microbodies or
Peroxisomes
Structure
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Centrioles
Small hollow cylinders; involved in cell division & anchors flagellae & cilia
Cilia
Cytoplasm
Fluid part called the cytosol; Contains cytoskeleton that gives the cell its shape,
Consists of dissolved nutrients that & aids to dissolve waste products.
Flagella
Learning Objective 5
Discuss the need for intra-cellular compartmentalisation and the basic
principles of cellular metabolism.
Intracellular Compartmentalisation
Compartments have 3 main roles:
1.
To establish physical boundaries for biological processes that enables the cell
to carry out different metabolic activities at the same time.
2.
To isolate the reaction happening in one organelle from affecting the rest of
the cell.
3.
Intracellular Metabolism
Learning Objective 6
Discuss the different methods used in the study of cells and the
preparation of tissues.
Electron Microscopes
Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)
Produces 2D images
Resolving power 0.2nm
Tissue/Sample Preparation
Embedding: Infiltration of tissue with resin (as opposed to wax used for light
microscopy
Disadvantages