MANAJEMEN

OPERASI
Program
STPK & STIPP Instiper
Andreas W. Krisdiarto

MATERI KULIAH

A. PROGRAM LINIER (PL)

Bentuk Model Standar Program Linier
Asumsi Dasar PL
Pembuatan Model
Penyelesaian Program Linier
1. Penyelesaian Metode Grafis
2. Penyelesaian Metode Simpleks
B. MODEL ANGKUTAN (Transportation Model)
A. Metode Pojok Barat Laut (North West Corner Method)
B. Metode Ongkos Baris Terkecil (OBT)
dan Ongkos Kolom Terkecil (OKT)
C. Metode Ongkos Matriks Terkecil
D. Metode VOGEL
C. MODEL PENUGASAN (Assignment Model)
D. MODEL PERSEDIAAN (Inventory Model)
A. Model I. (Model ELS Tanpa Stock-out)
B. Model II. Model dengan Stock Out
C. Model III. Model dengan t konstanta
D. Model IV. Model dengan Stok
E. MODEL ANTRIAN (Queing Theory)
A. Model (M/M/1) : (FIFO//)
B. Model (M/M/C) : (GD//)
C. Penentuan Jumlah Pelayanan ( c ) Optimum
F. Material Requirement Planning
G. Teori Jaringan Kerja

Operations Management
Systematic

direction, control, and

evaluation of the entire range of
processes that transform inputs into
finished goods or services.
Environmental factors-culture,
political, and market influences
Inputs-HR, capital, materials, land,
energy, information, customer
Transformations-convert inputs into
outputs

O.M. (cont)
Outputs-goods

or services, and

waste
Customer Contact-customers
actively participate in
transformation processes, selfservice
Performance Feedback-repair
records, customer comments

Operations Management
Refers to the management of the
production system that transforms inputs
into finished goods and services.
Production system: the way a firm acquires
inputs then converts and disposes outputs.
Operations managers: responsible for the
transformation process from inputs to outputs.

Operations management seeks to

increase the quality, efficiency, and
responsiveness of the firm.
Seeks to provide a competitive advantage.

What is Operations Management ?

Transparency Masters to
accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

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What is Operations
Management?

Operations management is the set of

activities that creates value in the
form of goods and services by
transforming inputs into outputs
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Management, 5e, and
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Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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Operations Management
Concepts

Quality: goods and services that are reliable

and perform correctly.
Quality allows customers to receive the
performance that they expect.

Efficiency: the amount of input to produce a

given output.
Less input required lowers cost and waste.

Responsiveness to customers: actions

taken to respond to customer needs.
Firm can react quickly and correctly to customer
needs as they arise.

Differences Between Services

and Goods
Information

Asymmetry

Intangible
Inventory
Customer

Contact
Response Time
Labor Intensity

21.3

Typical Characteristics of Services and Goods Producers

Primarily Service
Producers

Continuum of
Characteristics

Primarily Goods
Producers

Mixed
Intangible,
nondurable
Output cant be
inventoried
High customer
contact
Short response
time
Labor intensive

Tangible, durable
Output can be
inventoried
Low customer
contact
Long response time
Capital intensive
Adapted from Table 21.1

Where we can find Operations

Management ?

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Management, 5e, and
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2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

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Organizing to Produce
Goods and Services

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Organizational Functions
Marketing

Gets customers

Operations

creates product or service

Finance/Accou
nting
Obtains funds
Tracks money

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accompany
Heizer/Render
1995 Corel Corp.
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,
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Functions - Bank
Commercial
Bank
1984-1994
T/Maker Co.

Marketing

Teller
Scheduling

Finance/
Accounting

Operations

Check
Clearing

Transactions
Processing

Transparency Masters to
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Operations
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Security

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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114

Antrian di bank

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2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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Functions - Airline
Airline
1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

Marketing

Flight
Operations

Operations

Finance/
Accounting

Ground
Facility
Catering
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Functions Manufacturer
Manufacturer

Marketing

Finance/
Accounting

Operations

Quality
ManufacturingProduction
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to
Control
Control
accompany
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Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

Purchasing

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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Transparency Masters to
accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

118

Transparency Masters to
accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

119

Transparency Masters to
accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

120

The Hard Rock Caf (HeizerRender)

First

opened in 1971

Now 110 restaurants in over 40

countries
Rock

music memorabilia
Creates value in the form of good
food and entertainment
3,500+ custom meals per day
How does an item get on the
menu?
Role of the Operations Manager
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Why Study OM?

OM

is one of three major functions

(marketing, finance, and operations)
of any organization.
We want (and need) to know how
goods and services are produced.
We want to understand what
operations managers do.
OM is such a costly part of an
organization.
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Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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What Operations Managers Do

Plan - Organize - Staff - Lead - Control
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Ten Critical Decisions

Service,

product design..
Quality management
Process, capacity design..
Location .
Layout design ..
Human resources, job design..
Supply-chain management
Inventory management .
Scheduling
Maintenance
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.
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Ten Critical Decisions

Quality

management

Who is responsible for quality?

How do we define quality?
Service

and product design

What product or service should we

offer?
How should we design these products
and services?Transparency Masters to
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The Critical Decisions Continued

Process

and capacity design

What processes will these products

require and in what order?
What equipment and technology is
necessary for these processes?
Location

Where should we put the facility

On what criteria should we base this
location decision?
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The Critical Decisions Continued

Layout

design

How should we arrange the facility?

How large a facility is required?
Human

resources and job design

How do we provide a reasonable work

environment?
How much can we expect our
employees to produce?
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2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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The Critical Decisions Continued

Supply

chain management

Should we make or buy this item?

Who are our good suppliers and how
many should we have?
Inventory,

material requirements

planning,
How much inventory of each item
should we have?
Transparency Masters to
accompany
When do we re-order?
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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The Critical Decisions Continued

Intermediate,

scheduling

short term, and project

Is subcontracting production a good idea?

Are we better off keeping people on the
payroll during slowdowns?
Maintenance

Who is responsible for maintenance?

When do we do maintenance?
Transparency Masters to
accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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Where are the OM Jobs

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Where are the OM Jobs

Transparency Masters to
accompany
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Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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The Heritage of
Operations Management
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Significant Events in
Operations Management

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Eli Whitney

1995 Corel Corp.

Born 1765; died 1825

In 1798, received
government contract
to make 10,000
muskets
Showed that machine
tools could make
standardized parts to
Transparency
Masters
to
exact
specifications
accompany
Heizer/Render

Principles Musket
of Operations

parts could be
Management, 5e, and
used
in any musket
Operations 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,
Management, 7e

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

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Frederick W. Taylor
Born 1856; died 1915
Known as father of
scientific management
In 1881, as chief engineer
for Midvale Steel, studied
how tasks were done

Began first motion & time

studies

Created efficiency
Transparency Masters to
accompany
Heizer/Render
principles
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

1995 Corel Corp.

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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135

Taylor: Management Should

Take More Responsibility for
Matching

employees to right job

Providing the proper training
Providing proper work methods and
tools
Establishing legitimate incentives for
work to be accomplished
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Frank & Lillian Gilbreth

Frank (1868-1924);
Lillian (1878-1972)
Husband-and-wife
engineering team
Further developed work
measurement methods
Applied efficiency
methods to their home
& 12 children!
(Book & Movie:
Cheaper by the
Transparency Masters to
Dozen, book: Bells accompany
Heizer/Render
on Their Toes) Principles of Operations

Management, 5e, and

Operations
Management, 7e

1995 Corel Corp.

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

137

Henry Ford
Born 1863; died 1947
In 1903, created Ford
Motor Company
In 1913, first used
moving assembly line
to make Model T

Make them all

alike!

Unfinished product
moved by conveyor
past work station

1995 Corel
Corp.

Transparency Masters to
Paid workers very
well
for 1911
accompany
Heizer/Render
($5/day!)
Principles of Operations
Management, 5e, and
Operations
Management, 7e

2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,

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W. Edwards Deming
Born 1900; died 1993
Engineer & physicist
Credited with
teaching Japan
quality control
methods in postWW2
Used statistics to
Transparency
Masters to
analyze
process
accompany
Heizer/Render
His
Principles
of Operations
methods involve
Management, 5e, and
Operations 2004
Prentice Hall, Inc.,
1workers
inbydecisions
Management, 7e Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458
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Contributions From
Human

factors
Industrial engineering
Management science
Biological science
Physical sciences
Information science
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