TERMODINAMIKA KIMIA

8.10 8.16
Raymendo Sinaga
(14/364772/PA/16059)
Alaika Rizazuam
(14/365016/PA/16078)
Swasti Nilam N
(14/365602/PA/16103)
Herbi Yuliantoro
(14/365603/PA/16104)
Anggun Setya P
(14/365612/PA/16105)
Krisfian Tata
(14/365615/PA/16106)
Pratyangga Surya Dyaninggar (14/365626/PA/16110)
Rosy Amalia Kurnia P
(14/365630/PA/16113)
Aqidatul Izza
(14/365632/PA/16115)
Hamid Rohma S
(14/365633/PA/16116)
Mawaddah Rimala
(14/367629/PA/16281)
1

CARNOT CYCLE WITH AN IDEAL GAS

If an ideal gas is used as the working substance in a
Carnot engine, the application of first law to each
step can be written as table.
Step
1

General
Case
U1=Q1-W1

2
3

U2=-W2
U3=Q1-W3

U4=-W4

Raymendo Sinaga

Ideal gas
0=Q1-RT1 ln
(v2/v1)
0=Q2-RT2 ln
(V4/V3)
2

of W and W , which are quantities of work

produced
The value
an isothermal reversible expansion of an ideal
1

gas, are obtained from equation

W=
The value of U are computed by integrating the
equation dU=CvdT. The total work produced in the cycle is
the sum of individual quantities.
W= RT1 ln ()- ) The two integral sum to zero, as can be shown by
interchanging the limits and thus changing the sign of
either of them. Hence
W= RT1 ln () RT2 ln ()

Raymendo Sinaga

Equation (8.20) can be simplified if we realize that the volumes

V2 and V3 are connected
by an adiabatic reversible transformation ; the same is true for V 4
and V1 ' By Eq. (7.57)

By dividing the first equation by the second, we obtain

Putting this result in Eq. (8.20), we obtain

Alaika Rizazuam

From the equation for the first step in the cycle,

we have

and the efficiency is given by

Alaika Rizazuam

Equation (8.21) shows that the total work

produced depends on the difference in temperature
between the two reservoirs [compare to Eq. (8. 1 8)]
and the volume ratio V2/V1 (the compression ratio).
The efficiency is a function only of the two
temperatures [compare to Eq. (8. 1 9)] . It is
apparent from Eq. (8.22) that if the efficiency is to
be unity, either the cold reservoir must be at T2 = 0
or the hot reservoir must have T1 equal to infinity.
Neither situation is physically realizable

Alaika Rizazuam

THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR

A refrigerator is a heat engine operated in
reverse, more or less

Swasti Nilam N

Swasti Nilam N

Swasti Nilam N

Heat Pump

Aqidatul Izza

10

 hp

Since

hp

Aqidatul Izza

11

 Menerima

Heat
heat/panas
Engine

dari

source

bertemperature tinggi
Mengubah

sebagian

panas

ini

menjadi

kerja/work
Melepaskan sisa panas ke sink bertemperature
rendah
Beroperasi pada suatu siklus

Pratyangga Surya Dyaninggar

12

It is impossible for
any device that
operates on a cycle
to receive heat from
a single reservoir
and produce a net
amount of work.
Kelvin-Planck
Statement of 2nd
Law of
Thermodynamics:

Pratyangga Surya Dyaninggar

13

Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency (t) adalah fraksi dari total heat
input (Qin) yang dikonversi menjadi kerja output
(Wnet, out)
Wnet,out

th
Qin
Untuk closed system : Wnet, out = Qin Qout (kJ)

Pratyangga Surya Dyaninggar

14

Qout
Thermal efficiency heat engine (HE) menjadi: th 1
Qin
QL
Atau: th 1
QH

QL = heat transfer dari heat engine ke reservoir temperature rendah

QH = heat transfer dari reservoir temperature tinggi ke heat engine

Tidak ada Heat Engines yang mempunyai efisiensi

thermal 100%.
Tidak semua panas yang diberikan dirubah menjadi
kerja, ada yang dilepaskan ke reservoir temperature
rendah.
Kenyataan ini sesuai dengan Kelvin-Planck Statement.
Pratyangga Surya Dyaninggar

15

DEFINITION OF ENTROPHY

The second law of thermodynamics leads to the definition

of a state property of the system, the entropy. It is
characteristic of a state property that the sum of the
changes of that property in a cycle is zero.

The second law defines some new property whose changes

sum to zero in a cycle

Anggun Setya P

16

 We
begin by comparing two expressions for the
efficiency of a simple reversible heat engine that
operates between two reservoirs at the
thermodynamic temperatures
=

dan

So:
(8.27)
Anggun Setya P

17

The
8. 27 Equation could be written as the cyclic
integral of the differential quantity dQ/ :
(Reversible cycles)
If ,
The quantity is the differential of some property
of state. This property is called the entropy of the
system and is given the symbol S :
dS

Anggun Setya P

18

GENERAL PROOF
We have shown that
has a cyclic integral
equal to zero only for cycles that involve only
two temperatures. The result can be generalized to
any cycle. Consider a Carnot engine. Then in a cycle

TATA A P

and we have shown for the Carnot engine that :

(By the definition o f the Carnot cycle, the Q is a

reversible Q.) Consider another engine E'. Then in
a cycle, by the first law,

assume that for this engine,

KRISFIAN TATA A P

This second engine may execute as complicated a

cycle as we please ; it may have many temperature
reservoirs ; it may use any working substance. The
two engines are coupled together to make a
composite cyclic engine.
The work produced by the composite engine in its
cycle is

KRISFIAN TATA A P

We now adjust the direction of operation and the

size
of the
Carnot engine
so
that
the
composite engine produces no work ; the work
required to operate E' is supplied by the Carnot
engine, or vice versa. Then
and Eq.
(8.34) becomes

Under what condition will the relations Eqs.

(8.35) and (8.36) be compatible ?

KRISFIAN TATA A P

Because each of the cyclic integrals

can be considered as a sum of terms, we
write Eqs. (8.36) and (8.35) in the forms

and

KRISFIAN TATA A P

The sum on the left-hand side of Eq. (8.37) consists of a

number of terms, some positive and some negative.

We have to find numbers (temperatures) such that by

dividing each term in Eq. (8.37) by a proper number we can
obtain a sum in which the positive terms predominate.

This implies that heat is extracted from reservoirs at low

temperatures and rejected to reservoirs at higher
temperatures in the operation of the composite engine.

Rosy Amalia Kurnia P

24

The composite engine is consequently an impossible engine,

and our assumption, Eq. (8.33), must be incorrect. It follows
that for any engine E',
(8.39)

dQ'
T 0

We distinguish two cases :

Case I. The engine E' is reversible.
If we assume that for E

dQ'
T 0

then we can reverse this engine, which changes all the signs
but not the magnitudes of the Q's. Then dQ
we' have

Rosy Amalia Kurnia P

25

and the proof is the same as before. This forces

us to the conclusion that for any system
dQrev
T 0 (all rerversible cycles)

(8.40)

Therefore every system has a state property S,

the entropy, such that
dQrev
dS
T

Rosy Amalia Kurnia P

(8.41)

26

 Case II. The engine E' is not reversible.

For any engine we have only the possibilities expressed
by (8.39).
We have shown that for any engine the value cannot be
greater than zero ; consequently, it must be less than
zero. Therefore for irreversible cycles we must have

dQ
T(all 0irreversible cycles).
(8.42)

Rosy Amalia Kurnia P

27

Hamid Rohma S

28

Hamid Rohma S

29

 Pada hukum termodinamika kedua membahas tentang

suatu reaksi dapat berlangsung sepontan atau tidak .
Kalor dapat mengalir secara spontan dari panas ke
dingin dan kalor tidak mungkin mengalir secara
spontan dari dingin ke panas .
Aplikasi dari hukum kedua ini yaitu pada mesin carnot.
Dimana pada mesin kalor carnot energi dapat mengalir
secara
sepontan
dari
panas
ke
dingin
dan
menghasilkan usaha sedangkan pada mesin pendingin
carnot kalor baru dapat mengalir dari dingin kepanas
dengan bantuan usaha.

Mawaddah Rimala

30

 Untuk mesin Kalor Carnot

Untuk mesin pendingin carnot

= perubahan entropi
kalor yang diserap oleh sistem dalam proses
reversibel
suhu

Mawaddah Rimala

31

Tanya jawab
Fauzy : heat pump, menggunakan usaha untuk
memndahkan kalor. Semakin dikit usha
efisiensi meningkat, apakah dapat Heat
engine, sebagian kalor dialirkan ke resevoir
rendah, terjadi secara siklus, bagaimana?
Dewanti: calusius, sistem terislasi mencapai
kesetimbangan dan entropi maksimum,
syaratnya apa?
Jolang: refrigerator, reaitasnya refrigerator ake
gas freon, fungsinya apa? Pas habis,
pendinginannya berubah, mengapa?
32