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PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape
FV- Line // to xy
For
Fv
F.V
.
d
c
VP
d
c
VP
Fo
r
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Apparent Shape
TV-Previous Shape
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Inclined to XY
TV- Reduced Shape
VP
HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
For Tv
For T.V.
For
a
b
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP
a1
a
b
a1
d1
b1
c1
HP
b1
d1
c1
d1
c1
a1
HP
b1
F.V
.
Q12.4: A regular pentagon of 25mm side has one side on the ground. Its plane is inclined at
45 to the HP and perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections and show its traces
b
d
b
d
a
e
a
e
X
45
b1
a1
c1
25
c
e1
e
d
d1
Q.12.5:Draw the projections of a circle of 5 cm diameter having its plane vertical and inclined
at 30 to the V.P. Its centre is 3cm above the H.P. and 2cm in front of the V.P. Show also its
traces
50
3
31
30
1
8
11
4,
10
81
91
111
101
20
2, 3,
12 11
71
121
61
11
10
51
21
12
41
5,
9
6, 7
8
2,
12
3,
11
30
4,
10
9
5,
6,
Problem 5 : draw a regular hexagon of 40 mm sides, with its two sides vertical. Draw a circle
of 40 mm diameter in its centre. The figure represents a hexagonal plate with a hole in it and
having its surface parallel to the VP. Draw its projections when the surface is vertical and
inclined at 30 to the VP.
a1
aa
12
11
5
6
b1
21
31
41
51
91
11
101
121
111
10
f1
e1
81
d 1
30
71
c1
61
Y
e f
a d
e f
10 9 8
11 12
1
7
b c
2
6
3 4
5
10
9
11 8
12
a d
1
7
2
6 3 4
5
b c
Problem 1 : Draw an equilateral triangle of 75 mm sides and inscribe a circle in it. Draw the
projections of the figure, when its plane is vertical and inclined at 30 to the VP and one of the
sides of the triangle is inclined at 45 to the HP.
a 1
a
1
12
11
5
7
41
91
51
81
75
c 1
31
101
21
111
10
11
121
61
71
b1
30
45
Y
a
b
10 9 8
11 12
c
1
7
2
6
3 4
5
10
9
11
8
12
1
6
2
5
Q12.7: Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm sides, having one of its side in
the H.P. and inclined at 60 to the V.P. and its surface making an angle of 45 with the H.P.
Plane parallel to HP
f
c
a b
c f
d e
e1
f1
45
c1
a1
b1
60
d1
f1
e1
b1
d1
c1
c1
b1
d1
a1
a1
e1
f1
Problem 3: Draw the projections of a regular pentagon of 40 mm side, having its surface inclined
at 30 to the H.P. and a side parallel to the H.P. and inclined at an angle of 60 to the V.P.
Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane?______
2. Assumption for initial position? plane // to ____
3. So which view will show True shape? _______
4. Which side will be vertical? ___________
Hence begin with __,draw hexagon ______
X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
Plane inclined to HP
at 30and to VP
e
c
Plane parallel to HP
a
b
e
c
a
b
a1
30
60
e1
a1
b1
e1
d1
d1
b1
b1
c
c1
a1
d
b
d1
e1
X
e
c1
c1
Q12.6: A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at
30 to the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 45 to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
Keep AC parallel to the H.P.
& BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of
AC as inclination of the
plane)
c1
c
b
d
b
d
45
b1
45 a1
b1
c1
c1
a1
a1
50
d
d1
30
b1
d1
d1
Q10: Draw a rhombus of 100 mm and 60 mm long diagonals with longer diagonal horizontal. The
figure is the top view of a square having 100 mm long diagonals. Draw its front view.
c1
bd
bd
c a
100
a1
c a1
c1
d1
b1
c1
d
100
a1
60
b1
b1
d1
100
60
d1
Q4: Draw projections of a rhombus having diagonals 125 mm and 50 mm long, the smaller
diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the other is inclined at 30 to
the H.P.
Keep AC parallel to the H.P. &
BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of AC
as inclination of the plane and
inclination of BD as inclination
of edge)
Make BD parallel to XY
c1
b
d
d1
30
125
c
d
c1
a1
a1
50
b1
b1
a1
c1
b1
d1
d1
b
d
Q 2:A regular hexagon of 40mm side has a corner in the HP. Its surface inclined at45 to
the HP and the top view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP makes an
angle of 60 with the VP. Draw its projections.
Plane inclined to HP
at 45and to VP
Plane parallel to HP
d1
c
e
b
f
c
e
e1
f
b
c1
b1
f 1
45
60
f1
a1
60
f1
a1
e1
e1
b1
a
d1
a1
c1
b
b1
c1
d1
Q7:A semicircular plate of 80mm diameter has its straight edge in the VP and inclined at 45
to HP.The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 with the VP. Draw its projections.
11
11
21
21
31
31
41
41
1
7
2
6
61
71
3 4
5
45
51
61
51
71
80
11
71
30
6
2
5
21
61
3
4
51
41
31
Problem 12.9:
A 300 600 set square of longest side
100 mm long, is in VP and 300 inclined
to HP while its surface is 450 inclined
to VP.Draw its projections
a
60
side inclined to Hp
c1
c1
a 1
30
b
a
b
b 1
b 1
c
ab
300
450
a1
c
Surface // to VP Surface inclined to Vp
b1
c1
Problem 12.8 : Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter resting on the HP on point A
on the circumference. Its plane inclined at 45 to the HP and (a) The top view of the diameter AB
making 30 angle with the VP (b) The diameter AB making 30 angle with the VP
The difference in these two problems is in step 3 only.
In problem no12.8(a) inclination of TV of that AB is given, It could be drawn
directly as shown in 3rd step.
While in 12.8(b) angle of AB itself i.e. its TL, is given. Hence here angle of
TL(ab2) is taken, locus of b2 is drawn and then LTV I.e. a1 b1 is marked and
final TV was completed.Study illustration carefully. 7
6 b
b171
5 8
8 1
6 1
9
9 2
9 1
4
5 1
10
102
101
3
4 1
2 11
111
112
31
12
121
1
45
122
X
2 1
1 2
a
a
1
6 7
1 1
1 2 3
4
5
a
12 11
10
31
6
41
1a
12
8
9
51
21
41
51
a111
30
b 17 1
121
81
111
31
21
61
7b 11 a1
10
6 2
52
4 2
3 2
2 2
8 b
11
7 2
8 2
101
91
b 17 1
101
91
11 a1
81
41
51
61 121
121
111
31
21
61
111
101
b1 71
91
81
b2
Q12.10: A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm X 30 mm has its shorter side in the V.P. and inclined at
30 to the H.P. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30 mm long sides
c1
60
c
b1
c1
d1
30
b1
a
a
b
c
d
d1
a1
a1
a1 30
b1
a
b
60
c
d
c1
d1
71
11
8 121
11
91
111
10
81
101
111
12
61
51
71
61
81
21
121
30
11
21
2,
12
6, 7
8
41
101
10
5,
9
4,
4,
10
11
2, 3,
12 11
31
111
3,
91
51
11
41
21
31
121
31
50
41
101
51
5,
91
9
6,
8
81
61
Problem 9 : A plate having shape of an isosceles triangle has base 50 mm long and
altitude 70 mm. It is so placed that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of
50 mm sides and one side inclined at 45 to xy. Draw its top view
An isosceles triangle can be
seen as a equilateral triangle in
the F.V. only when its surface is
inclined to VP. So for the first
view keep the plane // to VP,
with 50 mm long edge
perpendicular to the HP.
c1
a1
a1
c1
50
b
a.b
b1
b1
70
a1
a.b
45
b1
c1
Problem 1:
Rectangle 30mm and 50mm
sides is resting on HP on one
small side which is 300 inclined
to VP,while the surface of the
plane makes 450 inclination with
HP. Draw its projections.
Surface // to Hp
Surface inclined to Hp
c1
dc
ab
cd
a b 450
X
d
a1
d1
b1
c1
Y
Side
Inclined
to Vp
d1
c1
12.7,12.9,3,2,7,12,12.6,12.4
300
a1
b1
b1
a1
d1
12.14: A thin circular plate of 70 mm diameter is resting on its circumference such that its
plane is inclined at 60 to the H.P. and 30 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the plate.
X1
3
2 31
21
4
41
5
51
6
61
1
11
7
71
12
12
1
X
21
53
53
62
41
10
101
9
9
511
11
812
60
911
61
71
121
111
101
91
71
71
8
8
1
111
11
31
62
81
Y1
812
911
10
Q. 8: The top view of a plate, the surface of which is inclined at 60 to the HP is a circle of 60
mm diameter. Draw its three views.
X1
6
8
7
6
5
9
4
10
3
11
2
12
1
10
11
2
600
12
1
7
12
8
11
10
60
Y1
Problem 3:
a1
a
60
c1
c1
a1
30
a
b
ab
b 1
35
b 1
10
45
c
Surface // to VP Surface inclined to Vp
a1
b1
c1
Problem 4:
c1
d1
e1
ce
X
b a
ce
ba
45
e1
b1
300
b1
a1
a
d
b
d1
b1
c1
a1
c1
a1
d1
e1
Problem 5:
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting
on HP on one of its sides while its opposite
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP.
Draw projections when side in HP is 300
inclined to VP.
SURFACE INCLINATION INDIRECTLY GIVEN
SIDE INCLINATION DIRECTLY GIVEN:
ONLY CHANGE is
the manner in which surface inclination is described:
One side on Hp & its opposite corner 30 mm above Hp.
Hence redraw 1st Fv as a 2nd Fv making above arrangement.
Keep ab on xy & d 30 mm above xy.
ce
30
X
b a
ce
d1
e1
c1
d
b a
b1
300
e1
b1
a1
a
d
b
d1
b1
c1
a1
c1
a1
d1
e1
b d
c1
b1
b d
d
d1 Y
450
d1
ca
c1
b1
a1
300
d
a
d
b
d
b
d1
d1
d
a1
a
300
ca
TL
c1
c1
b1
b1
300
Y
600
TL
SOLVE SEPARATELY
ON DRAWING SHEET
GIVING NAMES TO VARIOUS
POINTS AS USUAL,
AS THE CASE IS IMPORTANT
Problem 11:
A hexagonal lamina has its one side in HP and
Its apposite parallel side is 25mm above Hp and
In Vp. Draw its projections.
Take side of hexagon 30 mm long.
25
X a b
c f
de
b
a
e
d
f
c
e1
f1
a1
e1
f1
a1
c1
e1
d
c
b1
d1
c1
b1
d1
f1
c1
a1
d1
b1
As 3rd step
redraw 2nd Tv keeping
side DE on xy line.
Because it is in VP
as said in problem.
IMPORTANT POINTS
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
(Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertica
5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
AS shown in 1st FV.
a1
a
C
b
b1
g1
H
G
c1
c
X
H/3
a,g
a,
450
IMPORTANT POINTS
Problem 13
:A semicircle of 100 mm diameter
is suspended from a point on its
straight edge 30 mm from the midpoint
of that edge so that the surface makes
an angle of 450 with VP.
Draw its projections.
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
(Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertica
5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
AS shown in 1st FV.
20 mm
P
b
CG
g
c
d
b
c
a
b c
a p,g d
g
p,
d
0.414R
To determine true shape of plane figure when its projections are given.
BY USING AUXILIARY PLANE METHOD
WHAT WILL BE THE PROBLEM?
Description of final Fv & Tv will be given.
You are supposed to determine true shape of that plane figure.
Follow the below given steps:
1.
Draw the given Fv & Tv as per the given information in problem.
2.
Then among all lines of Fv & Tv select a line showing True Length
(T.L.)
(Its other view must be // to xy)
3.
Draw x1-y1 perpendicular to this line showing T.L.
4.
Project view on x1-y1 ( it must be a line view)
5.
Draw x2-y2 // to this line view & project new view on it.
NOW FINAL VIEWS ARE ALWAYS SOME SHAPE, NOT LINE VIEWS:
SO APPLYING ABOVE METHOD:
WE FIRST CONVERT ONE VIEW IN INCLINED LINE VIEW .(By using x1y1 aux.plane)
THEN BY MAKING IT // TO X2-Y2 WE GET TRUE SHAPE.
Study Next
Four Cases
Problem 14 Tv is a triangle abc. Ab is 50 mm long, angle cab is 300 and angle cba is 650.
abc is a Fv. a is 25 mm, b is 40 mm and c is 10 mm above Hp respectively. Draw projections
of that figure and find its true shape.
TL
900
b1
15
10
C1
C
X
50 mm
a1
X2
c1
650
300
X1
TRUE SHAPE
ALWAYS FOR NEW FV TAKE
DISTANCES OF PREVIOUS FV
AND FOR NEW TV, DISTANCES
OF PREVIOUS TV
REMEMBER!!
25
15
a
c
1
20
10
15
b
X
Y
a
TL
40
x1
90 0
a1
b
y1
c1
y2
c1
b1
x2
REMEMBER!!
b1
TRUE
SHAP
d1
E
PROBLEM 16: Fv & Tv both are circles of 50 mm diameter. Determine true shape of an elliptical plate.
ADOPT SAME PROCEDURE.
a c is considered as line // to xy.
Then ac becomes TL for the purpose.
Using steps properly true shape can be
Easily determined.
50D
y1
b1
y2
ac1 1
b1
c1
d
X
X2
a1
REMEMBER!!
d
X1 1
Y
50 D.
d1
TRUE SHAPE
b1
TR
U
a1
X1
e1
d1
b
e
Y1
450
300
e
ALWAYS FOR NEW FV
TAKE DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS FV AND FOR
NEW TV, DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS TV
REMEMBER!!
AP
E
c1
SH