Advanced Foundation Engineering

(Geo-E-506)

Dr. Muhammad Arshad

Assistant Professor
Department of Geological Engineering, UET Lahore

BS in Civil Engineering (2004), UET,

Lahore
MS in Geotechnical Engineering (2008)
UET, Lahore
MS in Geomechanics and Foundation
Engineering (2011), McMaster
University Hamilton, Canada
PhD Geotechnical Engineering (2015),
University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

List of Publication
1. Arshad M and OKelly B (2016) Analysis and design of monopile foundations for offshore wind-turbine structures.
Marine Georesources & Geotechnology vol. 34. Ahead of Print version available at DOI
10.1080/1064119X.2015.1033070.

2. Arshad M and O'Kelly BC (2016) Model studies on monopile behaviour under long-term repeated lateral
loads. International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE. GMENG-1106 (in production/press).
3. Arshad M and O'Kelly BC (2016) Use of ring-arm arrangement to reduce Deflections of monopiles.
Institution of Civil EngineersGeotechnical Engineering, GE-S-14-0029 (in production/press).
4. OKelly BC and Arshad M (2016) Chapter 31: Offshore wind-turbine foundations analysis and design. In: Offshore Wind
Farms: Technologies, Design and Operation (Ng C and Ran L (eds.)), Elsevier

5. Arshad M and O'Kelly BC (2016) Reducing monopile deflections in sandy soils. Geomechanics and
Geoengineering: An International Journal, TGEO-2015-0012 (under review).
6. Arshad M and OKelly B (2014) Development of a rig for the study of model piles under repeating lateral loads.
International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 14(3): 5467.
7. Arshad M and OKelly BC (2014) Use of miniature soil stress measuring cells under repeating loads. Proceedings of
the Second International Conference on Information Technology in Geo-Engineering (ICITG 2014), Durham, UK, 21
22 July 2014, (Toll DG et al. (Eds.)), IOS Press, pp. 177182.
8. Arshad M and OKelly B (2013) Offshore wind-turbine structures: a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers Energy 166(EN4):139-152.
9. Arshad M (2009) Evaluation of strength and stiffness parameters using ANDMT. Proceedings of the 4th International Young
Geotechnical Engineers Conference, Alexandria, Egypt, 14 October 2009. Technical Session1B. 33-36.
10. Akbar A, Arshad M and Clarke BG (2008) Site characterization using CPT, DMT, SPT and laboratory testing. Proceedings
of the 3rd International Conference on Site Characterization (ISC3) Taipei, Taiwan, 14 April 2008. Technical Session 6b.

Foundation

Learning Objectives

Define key terms in foundation engineering

Discuss types of shallow and deep foundations
Describe basic foundation design philosophy

Foundation
Introduction :
A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the super
structure which is above the plinth level and the substructure which
is below the plinth level.
Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation and this forms
the base for any structure. Generally about 30% of the total
construction cost is spent on the foundation.
The soil on which the foundation rests is called the foundation soil.

Objectives of a foundation :
A foundation is provided for the following purposes:
To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger
area.
To support the structures.
To give enough stability to the structures against various
disturbing
forces, such as wind and rain.
To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.

Foundation
Types of foundation :
The two main types of foundation
are :
Shallow foundation (spread
foundation) and
Deep foundation
Types of Shallow foundation :
Isolated footing (single footing,
Column footing)
Combined footing
Types of Deep foundation :
Pile foundation
Pier foundation

Types of Pile foundation :

Friction pile
Load bearing pile

Note : Under-reamed piles is a

type of load bearing pile

Foundation
Shallow foundation (spread
foundation):
Depth of foundation is less than
or equal to its width.
Isolated footing (single footing,
column footing):
In framed structures where
several columns are to be
constructed, isolated footings can
be adopted.
The columns involved can be
provided with masonry or
concrete footing.
If masonry footing is provided,
steps are given and the
foundation area is thus increased
so that the stresses developed at
the base is within the limit.

In case of masonry footing, the

projection of each step must be
brick thick and each step is
made of 1 or 2 bricks put
together.
Concrete can be moulded to any
shape and hence a concrete
footing may be a sloping one to
provide sufficient spread.

Foundation
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)

Foundation
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)

Types of Foundation Loads

1)
2)
3)
4)

Normal Loads
Shear Loads
Moment Loads
Torsion Loads

Load Sources:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Dead Loads
Snow Loads
Earth Pressure
Fluid Loads
Earthquake Loads
Wind Loads

8) Impact Loads
9) Temperature Induced Loads
10) Stream/Ice Loads
11) Centrifugal/Braking
12) Shear Loads

(Coduto
)

Shallow Foundation Types

Spread Footing (column loads)

(Alex
Mead)

Shallow Foundation Types

Strip Footing (wall loads)

Foundation
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)
wall footing

Shallow Foundation Types

Mat (Raft) Foundation
(floor loads)

Foundation
Combined footing:
This type of footing is
adopted when the space
between two columns is so
small that the foundation for
individual columns will
overlap.
Combined footings are
proportioned in such a way
that the centre of gravity of
the loads coincides with the
centre of gravity of the
foundation. Hence these
footings have either a
trapezoidal or a rectangular
shape.

Footing :

Footings are structural members

used to support columns and
walls and to transmit and
distribute their loads to the soil in
such a way that the load bearing
capacity of the soil is not
exceeded. Also excessive
settlement, differential settlement
or rotation are prevented and
adequate safety against
overturning or sliding is
maintained.

Deep Foundations
Insufficient soil bearing capacity near surface
Excessive settlements on shallow foundations
Differential settlements on shallow foundations
Constructability issues (e.g., shallow GWT)
Lateral loads, uplift forces

(wind, waves, earthquakes, earth pressure)

Foundation
Pile :
A slender, structural member
consisting steel or concrete or
timber.
It is installed in the ground to
transfer the structural loads to
soils at some significant depth
below the base of the
structure.

Foundation
Pile caps are thick slabs used
to tie a group of piles together
to support and transmit column
loads to the piles.

Deep Foundation Types

1) Piles
Timber
Steel (H-piles, tubes, mandrels)
Reinforced Concrete
Cast-in-place concrete
Characteristics/Issues:
Displacement vs. Nondisplacement
Driving stresses
Vibration/Noise

H-Pile

Concrete Pile

Deep Foundation Types

2) Drilled Shafts
B = 2-30 ft (0.6-9 m)
L < 300 ft (91 m)
Large Lateral Load Resistance

(Hayward
Baker)

Pile Load Transfer (Single Pile)

Qf = shaft friction or side shear

Qb = end bearing

If Qf >0.8Qb then friction pile

If Qb = 0 (design assumption)
then floating pile

Pile Groups

Foundation
Deep foundation :
Deep foundation consists of
pile and pier foundations.
This consists in carrying down
through the soil a huge
masonry cylinder which may
be supported by the sides of
soil or may be supported on
solid rock (hard stratum).
Pile foundation :
Pile is an element of
construction used as
foundation. It may be driven in
the ground vertically or with
some inclination to transfer the
load safely.

Foundation
Pile foundation
Loads are supported in two
ways.
If the load is supported by the
effect of friction between the
soil and the pile skin, it is called
friction pile.
Friction piles may be made of
cast iron, cement concrete,
timber, steel, wrought iron and
composite materials.
If the load is supported by
resting the pile on a very hard
stratum, it is called load
bearing pile.
Load bearing piles are steel
sheet piles, concrete piles and
timber piles.

Piles may be cast-in-situ or

precast.
They may be cased or
uncased.

Load Bearing
Pile

Friction Piles

Load bearing
pile

Friction Pile

TYPES OF PILES
Concrete Piles
i) Cast-In-Situ Concrete Piles
a) Cased cast-in-situ b) Uncased cast-in-situ
ii) Precast Concrete Piles
Steel Piles
i) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical piles iii) Tapered piles
Timber Piles
Composite Piles

TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION

1. Displacement Piles
It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile
shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.
b) Non Displacement Piles (Replacement piles)
It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.
Displacement Pile Non Displacement pile

METHOD OF INSTALLATION
Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
- commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles
Diesel Hammers
-Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil
Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile driving
-very effective in driving piles through non cohesive granular soil
Jacking Method Of Insertion

Pile installation using Drop Hammer

Pile Driving Rig - temporarily support the pile that being

driven and to support the pile hammer.

Jacking Method Of Insertion

Jacked Piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures
By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of pile can be
inserted and jacked into the ground using the underside of the existing
structure as a reaction.

Foundation Design Philosophy

Limit State = condition beyond which a
component/member of a foundation or other structure
ceases to satisfy the provisions for which the
component/member was designed

Strength Limit State (bearing capacity analysis)

Service Limit State (settlement analysis)
Extreme Event Limit State
Fatigue Limit State

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