POWERPOINT PRESENTATION OF

CHEMISTRY
NAME = BALWINDER
CLASS = 9TH B
ROLL N0. = 7
SUBJECT = CHEMISTRY
TOPIC = RADIO ACTIVE ISOTOPS
SUBMITTED TO = MRS. NIDHI
MAM.

WHAT ARE ISOTOPES.

Atoms and elements are made of protons,

neutrons and electrons. The nucleus is
made of protons and neutrons, and the
electrons surround the nucleus, as shown
in the illustration below. The sum of the
number of protons and the number of
neutrons is equal to the atomic mass.
In a given element, the number of
neutrons can be different from each other,
while the number of protons is not. These
different versions of the same element are
called isotopes.Isotopesare atoms with
the same number of protons but that have
a different number of neutrons. Since the
atomic number is equal to the number of
protons and the atomic mass is the sum of
protons and neutrons, we can also say
that isotopes are elements with the same
atomic number but different mass
numbers.

RADIO ACTIVE ISOTOPES

Radioactive isotope,also
calledradioisotope, any of several
species of the samechemical element
with different masses whose nuclei are
unstable and dissipate excess energy by
spontaneously emittingradiationin the
form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
Every chemical element has one or more
radioactive isotopes. For example,
hydrogen, the lightest element, has three
isotopes with mass numbers 1, 2, and 3.
Only hydrogen-3 (tritium), however, is a
radioactive isotope, the other two being
stable. More than 1,000 radioactive
isotopes of the various elements are
known. Approximately 50 of these are
found in nature; the rest are produced
artificially as the direct products of
nuclear reactions or indirectly as the
radioactive descendants of these
products.

USES OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTPES

Radioisotopes are used as

radioactive tracers. Radioactive
isotopes have a property by which
they can be easily detected and
estimated quantitatively.
They are also used in studying the
reaction mechanisms of complicated
reactions like photosynthesis,
hydrolysis of esters, etc.
Radioactive isotopes are used as a
tracer to diagnose many diseases.
This is a very important use of
radioisotope. The presence and
location of a brain tumor, to detect
the circulation of blood, to check
the pumping action of blood,
function of thyroid gland, etc. can
be found with the help of
radioisotopes.

IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Radioisotopes with short
half-lives are used in
nuclear medicine
because
they have the same
chemistry in the body as
the nonradioactive atoms.
in the organs of the body,
they give off radiation that
exposes a photographic
plate (scan) giving an
image of an organ.

WHEN DID RADIOACTIVE

The combination can
ISOTOPES OCCUR

occur naturally, as in
radium-226, or by
artificially altering the
atoms. In some cases, a
nuclear reactor is used,
in others, a cyclotron.
The best known example
is uranium. All but 0.7
per cent of naturallyoccurring uranium is
uranium-238; the rest is
the less stable, or more
radioactive, uranium235, which has three less
neutrons.

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
The negative effects are caused by the
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

ability of "ionizing radiation" to

remove electrons from atoms (hence
the name "ionizing") as they interact
with matter. If the matter is the
human body, electrons can be removed
from atoms creating charged particles,
or ions, and those can interact with
biological molecules damaging them so
that they cannot perform their normal
function.
Beta and Gamma radiation can affect
the body from the outside because they
have enough energy to get through the
outer layer of the skin. Now, like any
harmful agent, it is the dose that
matters.
ions.

SOME EXAMPLES OF RADIOACTIVE

ISOTOPES
Tritium131
Carbon
Fluorine
Phosphorus
Cobalt
Strontium
Technetium
Iodine
129
60
(hydrogen
11
14
189099
32 3)

PHOTO GALLERY