University of Engineering and

Technology Taxila
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lecture No: 05

Course Title: Measurement and

Instrumentation
(ME-314)
Tutor: Khalid Masood Khan

Temperature Measurement
One of the most familiar
engineering
variables, temperature is not easily
defined
The 0th law of thermodynamics is an
equality
of temperature statement, it does
not

A temperature scale provides

for
The definition of the size of the
degree
Fixed reference points for establishing
known
temperatures
A means for interpolating between

Fixed-Point Temperatures and

Interpolation
Fixed-points are typically defined by
phasetransition temperatures or the
triple-point of
a pure substance
Continue
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continue
Refer to the Figure, lets assign a
value of
100 to the boiling point of water
at 1 atm
Lets assign a value of 0 to the
ice point of
water at 1 atm
The size of the degree, therefore,
is

continue
Note that the mark at 50C is fixed by
virtue of interpolation
The process of establishing a point on
the
read-out scale of an instrument, sans
a
fixed-point calibration, is called
interpolation
Temperature scale definition is

continued
ITS-90 establishes fixed points for
temperature
and provides standard procedures
and devices
for interpolating between fixed
points

Thermometry based on
Thermal expansion
Electrical resistance
Thermoelectric effect
Thermal radiation

Thermal Expansion

Change in temperature brings change in si

Examples of instruments:
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer
Bimetallic Thermometer

Continue
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Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
The liquid is contained in a glass
structure
that consists of a bulb and a stem
The stem contains a glass capillary
tube, and
the level of the liquid in the capillary is
an
indication of the temperature
continue
Accuracy is 0.01C (under
controlled

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continue
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Bimetallic Thermometers
Differential thermal expansion of two
metals
provides the means for temperature
measurement
At the assembly temperature, T1, the
strip (A+B)
will be straight
continue

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continued
For temperatures other than T1, the
strip will
have curvature with radius:
wher
e

Used in many temperature control

systems,
bimetallic sensor is the primary
element in
most dial thermometers.

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Thermal Resistance
Change in temperature brings a
change in
electrical resistance of a conductor
or a
semiconductor
Examples of instruments:
Resistance Temperature Detectors
(RTDs)
Continue
Thermally Sensitive Resistors
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The RTDs
A solid metal wire exhibiting an
increase
in resistance with temperature
may serve
as an RTD. Material resistivity
changes
with temperature:
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 An uncertainty of 0.005C is possible

with an RTD
Low uncertainties, predictable and
stable
behavior, a platinum RTD is widely
used as a
local standard [Hierarchy of standards]
Uses include temperature control
circuits for
continue
heating systems, cooking devices and

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Thermistors
Ceramic-like semiconductor devices
In contrast to small increases of
resistance with
temperature for RTDs, thermistor
resistance
decreases rapidly with temperature.
Resistancetemperature relationship
forwhere
thermistor is
continue

19

continued
Thermistors are generally used when
high
sensitivity, ruggedness, or fast
response times
are required
Thermistors are often encapsulated
in glass
and can be used in corrosive or
abrasive

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Thermoelectric Effect
It is the result of simultaneous flows
of heat
and electricity in an electrical
conductor
A thermocouple consists of two
electrical
conductors that are made of
Continue
dissimilar
metals
and have at least one electrical

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continued

Seebeck Effect

Peltier Effect

Thomson Effect
For a thermocouple circuit, all three effects may
be present
and may contribute to the overall emf of the
circuit

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Thermopiles
Multiple-junction thermocouple circuit
is called
a thermopile
It amplifies the output of the circuit,
reducing
the measurement uncertainty
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Thermal Radiation
Radiation emitted by a body as a
result of the
body temperature provides a means
for
determining the source temperature
Examples of instruments
Radiometer
Pyranometer
Optical Pyranometer

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Radiometer
Measures the source temperature by
measuring
the voltage output from a thermopile
detector

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Pyranometer
It is an application of the radiometer
principle
Total solar radiation incident on a
surface can be
measured using this instrument

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Optical Pyranometer
Optical pyranometer identifies the
temperature
of a surface by its color, or more
precisely by
the color of the radiation it emits
Measurement uncertainties of 5% are
expected
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Optical Fiber Thermometer

The optical fiber thermometer is
based on the
creation of an ideal radiator that is
optimally
coupled to a fiber transmission
system
The operating range of this
thermometer is
3001900C

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Errors in Temperature
Measurement
These are
Insertion errors
Conduction Errors
Radiation Errors
Recovery errors
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