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W H O I S S ALT ?
W H O IS
I S SALT
S A LT ?
?
WHAT
Ionic compound formed when the
hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced
by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+
EXAMPLE :
Na
replace
Na+ Cl-
Metal ions
Sodium chloride
H Cl
NH4
Ammonium ion
replace
NH4+
Cl-
Ammonium chloride
Common cations
Na
K
NH4
Ca
Al
2+
2+
Mg
Fe
3+
2+
Zn
Cu
Pb
2+
Fe
2+
2+
3+
HCl
HNO3
H2CO3
H2SO4
Na2SO4
NaCl
Na2CO3
NaNO3
2+
MgSO4
MgCl2
MgCO3
Mg(NO3)2
Cu 2+
CuSO4
CuCl2
CuCO3
Cu(NO3)2
Al (SO )
AlCl
Al (CO )
Al(NO )
Mg
Al
3+
nitrate,
nitrate,
Iron(III)
nitrate,
Al(NO3)3
Ba(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2
AgNO3
Fe(NO3)3
Lead(II)
nitrate,
Potassium
nitrate,
Sodium
nitrate,
Copper(II)
nitrate,
ALL
Pb(NO3)2
KNO3
NaNO3
Cu(NO3)2
NO3-
nitrate,
SOLUBLE
SALT
Potassium
carbonate,
Sodium
carbonate,
Potassium
sulphate,
Ammonium
sulphate,
(NH4)2CO3
K2CO3
Na2CO3
K2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
Potassium
nitrate,
Sodium
nitrate,
Potassium
chloride,
Sodium
chloride,
ALL
KNO3
NaNO3
KCl
NaCl
SOLUBLE
SALT
Magnesium
carbonate
Calcium
carbonate
Silver
carbonate
MgCO3
CaCO3
Ag2CO3
Copper(II)
carbonate
Zinc
carbonate
CuCO3
ZnCO3
Other
names[hide]
Silver(I)Carbon
Manganese(II)
ate
carbonate
MnCO3
EXCEPT
Potassium
carbonate
Sodium
Carbonate
K2CO3
Na2CO3
Ammonium
carbonate
(NH4)2C
O3
ALL CO32-
INSOLUBL
E SALT
EXCEPT
Na+, K+, NH4+
Silver(I)
Chloride
Lead(II)
Chloride
AgCl
PbCl2
ALL
Cl-
SOLUBLE
SALT
Mercury(II)
Chloride
HgCl2
EXCEPT
EXCEPT
Pb 2 Pb 2+
+
Ca
Ag + 2+
Lead(II)
sulphate
Calcium(II)
sulphate
PbSO4
CaSO4
Barium
sulphate
ALL
BaSO4
SO42-
SOLUBLE
SALT
Iron(II)
Chloride
Magnesium
Chloride
Zinc
Chloride
FeCl2
MgCl2
ZnCl2
Copper(II)
sulphate
Aluminium(II)
sulphate
CuSO4
Al2(SO4)3
Copper(II)
Chloride
CuCl2
Sodium
chloride,
NaCl
Potassium
chloride,
KCl
INSOLUBLE
SALT
SOLUBLE
SALT
ALL SO4
ALL NO3-
ALL Cl
ALL
2-
PbSO 4
CaSO 4
BaSO 4
AgCl
PbCl 2
ALL
CO32-
CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS
PREPARATION OF SALTS
SOLUBLE SALTS
NEUTRALISATIO
N
ACID + ALKALI
Sodium ,Na+ salts
Potassium, K+ salts
Ammonium, NH4+ salts
[SPA]
OTHER METHOD
ACID + METAL
ACID + METAL
OXIDE
ACID + METAL
CARBONATE
OTHER SOLUBLE
SALTS
INSOLUBLE SALTS
PRECIPITATION
SOLUBLE SALT
+
SOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE SALT
& SOLUBLE SALT
Cl
ACID
OH
ALKALI
Cl
H 2O
SALTS
LET DO THIS:
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
APPARATUS : Pipette 25mL, Burette 50mL, Conical Flask 250 mL
MATERIALS : Potassium hydroxide 1.0 M, Hydrochloric acid 1.0 M, Phenolphthalein
Use a pipette to
transfer 25.0 cm3 of
potassium
hydroxide solution
to a conical flask.
Add 2 to 3 drops of
phenolphthalein
Colourless KOH
turn to pink.
Fill a burette
with
hydrochloric
acid and
record the
initial
burette
reading.
Record the
burette reading
in 2d.p
From the
burette, add
exactly V cm3
of hydrochloric
acid to the
alkali and
swirls and
shake well.
Solution salt contains
impurities continuous
with recrystallisation
process
RECRYSTALLISATION
PROCESS
HEATING/EVAPORA
[PURIFIED
SOLUBLE
TE
SALTS]
COOLING
FILTRATION
DRY
C RY S TA L
S A LT
Excess
unreacted metal
(residue)
Evaporating
basin with salt
solution (filtrate)
COOLING
Salt
solution
Evaporating
basin
Crysta
l
salt
Rinse
with
distilled
water
DRY
Glass rod
Salt Cystals
C R Y S T A L S A LT
These physical characteristics:
Regulars geometry shapes,
such as cubic or hexagonal.
Flat faces, straight edges and
sharp angles.
Same angle between adjacent
faces.
Filter
Paper
PREPARATIO
N OF
SOLUBLE
SALTS
NEUTRALISATION
REACTION
1 ST TITRATION WITH
INDICATOR
FIND VOLUME OF
ACID
2 ND TITRATION NO INDICATOR
GET PURE SALT
TRANSFER TO
EVAPORATING
BASIN
DISSOLVE SOLUTE IN
ACID
HEATING
DISSOLVE METAL IN
ACID
EXCESS METAL NOT
DISSOLVE
RECRYSTALISATION
HEATING/EVAPORATE
COOLING
FILTRATION
DRY
C R Y S T A L S A LT
COMPLETE REACT
NO 3
SOLUBLE
SALTS
Na
Cl
SOLUBLE
SALTS
Pb
Cl 2
Na
NO 3
INSOLUBLE
SALTS
PRECIPITATION REACTION
[one of the
solutions
contains the
cations of
the insoluble
salt]
[one of the
solutions
contains the
anions of the
insoluble
salt]
Glass
rod
PRECIPITATION REACTION
Mixture solutions
Filter paper
Glas
s rod
Distilled
water
Precipitate
(residue)
Retort
stand
Filter
funnel
Aqueous
Solution
(filterate)
FILTRATION
Precipitate
(residue)
RINSE
PRECIPITATION REACTION
Precipitate
/Soluble
salts
Filter paper
FLOW CHART :
PREPARATION OF
INSOLUBLE SALTS
MIX - STIR
TWO SOLUBLE SALTS
FILTRATION
REMOVE FILTRATE
RINSE
REMOVE OTHER IONS
DRY
PREPARATION OF
SALTS
REMEMBER : METAL ION DISPLACE
HYDROGEN ION IN ACID TO FORMED SALTS
Ca2+
Zn2+
K+
Al3+
Pb2+
NH4+
Mg2+
Cu2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
HCl [H+/Cl-]
Hydrochloric acid
HNO3 [H+/NO3-]
Nitric Acid
H2SO4 [2H+/SO42-]
Nitric Acid
H2CO3 [2H+/CO32-]
Nitric Acid
SUMMARIES OF REACTION
Method/Reaction
Reason
Type of
Salts
(Metal)
Neutralisation
(Titration method)
Alkali + Acid Salts + Water
Salts of sodium,
potassium, and ammonium
ions are soluble.
Na+
K+
NH4+
Metal Displacement
Metal + Acid Salts +
Hydrogen
Ca2+
Mg2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Cu2+
/Ag+
All except
Na+/K+/NH4+
Less reactive metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag) cannot
react with dilute acid.
So, to prepare salt containing lead ions (Pb2+), copper ions (Cu2+) or silver
ions (Ag+), we must use either oxide powder or carbonate powder only.
Impure soluble salt can be purified through crystallization process