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DRUG
BIOLOGICAL BARRIER
Increase Rate of
Dissolution
Variable Effects on
Rate of Dissolution
Binders
Lubricants
Coating Agents
Disintegrants
Diluents
Coloring Agents
Flavoring Agents
WHAT DETERMINES
TISSUE BLOOD FLOW?
A. PHYSIOLOGY
Low Blood Flow:
eyes, stomach, large intestines,
rectum, subcutaneous tissue
High Blood Flow
small intestines, lungs, muscle, buccal cavity, nasal cavity
WHAT DETERMINES
TISSUE BLOOD FLOW?
B. PHARMACOLOGY
Some Drugs Are Vasoconstrictors
Some Drugs Are Co-Administered With Vasoconstrictors
Some Drugs Are Vasodilators
WHAT DETERMINES
WHETHER A DRUG IS DESTROYED
AT OR NEAR SITE OF ADMINISTRATION?
BIOCHEMISTRY
Liver - hepatic enzymes (first pass effect)
Colon - intestinal microflora
Stomach - digestive enzymes and acids
PARENTERAL
Intravenous (IV)
Intra-arterial (IA)
Subcutaneous (SC)
Intradermal (ID)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Lungs (Inhalation)
Skin (Topical)
Nose (Intranasal)
Eye (Opthalmic)
Ear (Otic)
Vagina
Urethra
Urinary Bladder
Intrathecal
Epidural
Directly Into Target Tissue
SAFETY
High Oral > SC > IM > IV Low
CONVENIENCE
High Oral > SC > IM > IV Low
COST
High IV > IM > SC > ORAL Low
BIOAVAILABILITY
High and Reliable IV > IM = SC > ORAL Low and/or Variable
ONSET OF ACTION
Immediate IV > IM > SC > Oral Delayed
PATIENT COMPLIANCE
High IV > IM > SC > Oral Low
Urethra
Urinary Bladder
Intrathecal
Epidural
Directly Into Target Tissue