REPLICATION

TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION

DNA
1. Double Stranded Helix
2. Hydrogen Bonds between
Nitrogenous Base Pairs
3. Adenine-Thymine and
Guanine-Cytosine

GENE
A gene is a segment of DNA
A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for
a functional product (usually a protein)
1 gene = 1000s of base pairs
41000 possibilities of combinations

A Gene is a Segment of DNA

When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce

RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.

GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

Genotype
1. Genetic Composition of an Organism
2. Represents the Potential Properties
Phenotype
1. The Expression of the Genes
2. What You See

REPLICATION

The duplication of DNA which occurs during the S

phase of Interphase.
1 Strand 2 Complementary Strands
DNA Polymerase

ONE MORE
TIME!

Hydrogen bond
(H-bonds)

thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar

Sugar / phosphate strand

Nitrogenous base rung

DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar

phosphate

RNA nucleotide
ribose sugar

Nitrogenous base
(guanine)

phosphate

Nitrogenous base
(uracil)

Step 1: Hydrogen bonds

between complimentary
bases break
DNA unzips

Step 2: DNA strands

pull apart from each other

Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell

match up with each side of the
unzipped DNA
each unzipped strands forms a
template for a new strand

Step 4: Each old strand

forms a template for a
new strand
two identical DNA
molecules form

new strand, identical

sequence to the original

old (original) strand

TRANSCRIPTION

The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied

into a complementary strand of RNA.
1 Strand DNA 2 Strands RNA
RNA Polymerase

DNA RNA

Label the Following

Step 1: Hydrogen bonds

between complimentary
bases break
DNA unzips

Step 2: DNA strands

pull apart from each other

Step 3:
RNA nucleotides
in the cell match
up with only one
side of the
unzipped DNA
each unzipped
strands forms a
template for a
mRNA strand

RNA nucleotide

Step 4:
RNA nucleotides
continue to match
up with
unzipped DNA
until the message
is completely
transcribed

mRNA strand
One side of DNA strand

mRNA strand

Step 4:
mRNA strand
breaks off
from the DNA
strand
One side of DNA strand

Step 5:
mRNA strand
leaves the
nucleus for
the ribosome

Step 6: Once the mRNA

leaves, the DNA zips
back together

TRANSLATION

The process in which the information in the nucleotide

base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino
acid sequence of a protein.
1 Strand RNA Amino Acid Chain Protein

The problem: How does a

particular sequence of
nucleotides specify a particular
sequence of amino acids?
By means of transfer RNA
molecules, each specific for one
amino acid and for a particular
triplet of nucleotides in mRNA
called a codon. The family of
tRNA molecules enables the
codons in a mRNA molecule to
be translated into the sequence
of amino acids in the protein.

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

RNA

is a Single
Stranded Nucleic
Acid
RNA Acts as a
Messenger between
DNA and
Ribosomes
Process Takes
Amino Acids and
Forms Proteins

WHY IS IT NECESSARY?
DNA

/ Nucleus
Ribosomes / Cytoplasm
Need a Messenger

DEFINITIONS
Codon

1. Three-base segment of mRNA that

specify amino acids.
2. Sense Codons
3. Nonsense Codons

Anticodon

1. Three-base segment of tRNA that

dock with a codon.
2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with

3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. Whats
up with that?

MUTATION

A change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA;

that change causes a change in the product coded
for by the mutated gene.

MUTATIONS
What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in
the DNA sequence?
Usually you end up with a mess.
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL
Deletion of one base
THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL
And its all pops and buzzes.

SICKLE-CELL
ANEMIA

DEFINITIONS
Carcinogens

Substances and preparations which, if they are

inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the
skin; may induce cancer or increase its
incidence and can affect any cells or tissues
Mutagens
may induce hereditary genetic defects or
increase their incidence and effect the germ
cells (gonads)
Teratogens
may induce non-hereditary congenital
malformations or increase their incidence and
effect the growing fetus

MUTAGENS
Tobacco

products
Nitrous Acid
Mold Toxins
X-rays
Gamma Rays
UV Radiation
Some Artificial Sweeteners