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CHE 541
N.A. Amenaghawon
Department of Chemical
Engineering,
University of Benin, Benin City
Class Information
Course Instructors : Prof. A.I. Igbafe, Prof. F.A. Aisien and N.A. Amenaghawon
aa.nosakhare@gmail.com
Lectures:
500L Class
First term 2012/2013: Fridays (10am-12pm)
Course outline
Multicomponent Distillation
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Multi component gas absorption
Solid-Liquid separation
Recommended texts
Learning Outcomes
Awareness on the liquid-liquid separation
techniques
Principles of extraction liquid-liquid
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Methods of operation
Non steady state concentration
changes with time e.g. batch
processes
Steady state
Stage
Differential contact
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Contacting patterns
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Choice of separation
process
Factors to be considered:
Feasibility
Product value
Cost
Product quality
selectivity
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Liquid-liquid extraction
Separation of two components of a
liquid ( the feed) by contact with a
second immiscible liquid (the feed)
Primarily used when separation by
distillation is ineffective, very difficult
or not economical e.g. close-boiling
mixture, substances that cannot
withstand high temperatures
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Liquid-liquid extraction
principle
Liquid-liquid extraction
Solvent exhibits preferential affinity or
selectivity towards one or more of the
components in the feed. Two streams result
from this contact:
Choice of solvent
Factors to be considered:
Selectivity- gives an indication of the affinity of
the solvent for the solute to be extracted
Distribution coefficient-large values are
typically desired since less solvent will be
required for extraction
Insolubility of solvent-the higher the
insolubility of the solvent in the feed, the
higher its capacity to extract. Small amounts
of insoluble solvents are usually required
Recoverability of solute from solvent-it is
always necessary to recover the solvent for
reuse. The solute should be recoverable from
the solvent rich extract phase
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Choice of solvent
Choice of solvent
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Liquid-liquid extraction
examples
Extraction of penicillin
from fermentation
Mixer-Settler
Spray type extraction tower
Sieve tray extraction tower
Agitated extraction tower
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Mixer-Settler
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Representation of
equilibrium data
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Equilibrium data
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Equilibrium data
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Notation
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Rectangular coordinates
Feed = A+C
A= Carrier liquid
C= Solute
Solvent = (B+c)
Equilibrium data is represented in
x,y-fb diagrams plotted on
rectangular cartesian coordinates
fbx= weight fraction of B in Raffinate
fby = weight fraction of B in Extract
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Rectangular coordinates
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Triangular Coordinates
The raffinate phase is the liquid phase which is rich in the component
A (carrier liquid) and from which the solute (component C) is being
removed.
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Dr Saad Al-Shahrani
Triangular Coordinates
Triangular coordinates are
extensively used to graphically
describe the concentrations of
ternary systems in equilibrium
Utilises the property of an equilateral
triangle
The sum of the perpendicular
distances from any point within the
triangle to the three sides equals the
altitude of the triangle
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Triangular Coordinates
The altitude represent
100% composition
The distances to the
three sides represents
the percentages or
the fractions of the
three components
Each apex of the
triangle represents
one of the pure
components
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Triangular Coordinates
The perpendicular
distance from any
point suck as K to the
base AB represents the
percentage of C in the
mixture at K
The distance from K to
AC= percentage of B
The distance of K to
BC= percentage of A
Any point on the side
of the triangle
represents a binary
mixture
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Triangular Coordinates
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Triangular Coordinates
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Inverse Lever-arm
rule
R kg of mixture
at point R is
added to E kg of
mixture at point
E
The new mixture
is shown on the
RE line at point
M
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Inverse Lever-arm
rule
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Inverse Lever-arm
rule
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respective compositions.
F is located by xF
S is located by ys
M1 is located by xM1
R1 is located by x1
E1 is located by y1
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Multistage crosscurrent
extraction
Extension of single
stage extraction
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Example 1
It is desired to reduce the pyridine
concentration of 2000kg of an aqueous
solution from 50 to 2% in a single batch
extraction with chlorobenzene. Calculate
the amount of solvent required.
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Example 2
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Example 3
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Continuous countercurrent
multistage extraction
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Triangular Coordinates
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