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Lec-16
Filtration
It is the process in which suspended
matter is removed from the water by
passing the water through granular
media.
Filter Media
0 Granular media includes:
1. Sand
2. Crushed anthracite coal
3. Crushed stones
0.A combinations of these media can also be
Filter Media
0 The choice of filter media is totally depends on
some factors :
1. Durability Required
2. Desired degree of treatment
3. Length of filter run
4. Ease of backwash
Properties of Ideal Medium
-. It should provide satisfactory effluent
-. Retain max. quantity of solids
-. Readily cleaned with a minimum of wash water
coconut husk)
4. Mixed Media w.r.t Rapid sand filter
5. Gravel
Theory of Filtration
0 Filtration take place in 2 stage process:
1. Filtration stage (during which particles
Theory of Filtration
0 The removal of particles is brought by various
two steps:
1. Particle transport
2. Particle attachment
Theory of Filtration
Particle Transport
The main mechanisms for transport are;
1. Mechanical Straining
2. Interception
3. Gravitational Settling
4. Diffusion
Theory of Filtration
1. Mechanical Straining:
Theory of Filtration
2.Interception:
0 Many particles that move along in the streamline
are removed when they come in contact with the
surface of the filter media.
Theory of Filtration
3. Gravitational settling:
0.Particles settles on filtering medium within
Theory of Filtration
4. Diffusion
Theory of Filtration
2.Biological Purification process
1. It is only applicable in slow sand filter
2. Formation of certain type of layer on the
top of filter bed after a certain period of
time
3. Formed layer carry out the oxidization of
organic matter(if any)
4. Formed layer is called as Schmutdzekh
layer
5. Due to this layer efficiency of slow sand
filter increases
Filter Classification
A) Pressure filter
0)These are used for industrial applications
0)They consists of closed vessels
0)Water enters and leaves under pressure
Filter Classification
0Gravity Filter can be classified based on rate of filtration
such as:
-Rapid Sand Filter
-Slow Sand Filter
0In Rapid filtration water that has been pretreated with
Slow Sand
Filter
Process Description
0 Influent water seeps down by gravity through a
Pre-treatment
0 In the past slow sand filter were used only for
Performance
0 The performance of the filter varies with
Cleaning of filter
( by Scrapping upper layer)
0 To clean filter-bed , the raw water inlet valve
Re sanding
0 After each cleaning the sand thickness decreases
0 When the depth reaches to 600mm ,more sand is
Rapid San
d
Filter
Pre-treatment
0 Pre treatment is required prior to rapid sand
end.
0 Trough bottom are usually horizontal, however, they
Washing Process
Rate of washing
0 0.15-0.9 m/min. This rate produce a sand
expansion of 30-50%
Water required
0 1-5% of filtered water
Head required
0 Wash water is supplied to give a head of 10m
above wash water trough
Time required
0 Washing takes 5 minutes but the bed may be out
of operation for 10-20 minutes
Washing frequency
0 Washing is done when head losses reach 2.5 m
Minimum No.: At least 2 or N=0.5(A) 1/3
Parameters
Filtration rate
3-6 m/day
120-360m/day
Size of sand
0.15-0.35 mm
> 0.45mm
Depth of sand
1-1.2m
0.6-0.75m
1-1.75m
1-1.25m
Uniformity co efficient
2-3
1.2-1.7
Loss of head
0.05 -1.25m
0.3-3m
Length of run
20-60 days
12-72 hours
Impurities penetration
Deep
Cost of construction
High
Low
Operational cost
Low
High
Method of cleaning
Back washing
Pre treatment
Generally Nil
Coagulation
Bacterial removal
More effective
Less effective
Depth of gravel
200-300 mm
400-600mm
Filter Operational
Difficulties
1. Air binding
It is caused by :
0.Negative head
0.High temperature
0.Algal action
Air binding may be prevented through:
0.Avoidance of excessive negative head
0.Keeping the filters under shed
0.Algal control i.e. CuSO4 treatment
Filter Operational
Difficulties
2. Mud Accumulation
0. Mud may accumulate on the filter surface to
Filter Operational
Difficulties
3. Sand Incrustation
Numerical 1
(Slow sand filter)
0 Calculate the size and number of slow sand
Numerical 2
( Rapid sand filter)
0 A rapid sand filter is to treat 23000m3/d at a
Numerical 3
(Rapid sand filter)
0 Calculate the no. and size of the filter to
Numerical 4
( Rapid sand filter)
0 A filter bed is 4.5 x 9 m. After filtering
Numerical 5
(Rapid sand filter)
0 Determine the depth of a rectangular wash