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DC Circuits:
Basic components and electric
circuits
Objectives
To be familiarized with
Basic electrical quantities and associated units
Current direction and voltage polarity
The passive sign convention for calculating
power
Ideal voltage and current sources
Dependent sources
Resistance and Ohms law
Quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Thermodynamic
temperature
Basic unit
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
Symbol
m
Kg
s
A
K
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
neutral
Charges
Example
How much charge represented by 4600
electrons?
Solution: each electron has -1.602 x 10-19
C. hence 4600 electrons will have 1.602
x 10-19 C/electron x 4600 electrons =
- 7.369 x 10 -16 C
Direction of
electron flow
dq
dt
, measured in amperes
(A)
i dt
to
t (s)
q (C)
1
t (s)
t (s)
i (A)
1
t (s)
-1
Direct current - DC
- constant with time
t (s)
i (A)
Alternating current - AC
t (s)
dw
Mathematicall v
dq
y,
1 V = 1 J/C
Vab b
a
+
10 V
- 10 V
+
Point a is at potential of
10 V higher than point b
Point a is at potential of
-10 V lower than point b
Point b is at potential of
10 V lower than point a
Point b is at potential of
-10 V higher than point a
DC Voltage
- constant with time
t (s)
v (V)
AC Voltage
t (s)
dw
dt
p = power,
w= energy
dw dw dq
vi
dt dq dt
p vi
p= vi
Absorbing power
p= -vi
Supplying power
Current
Is the time rate of change of charge
measured in ampere(A)
Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of
ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that
varies sinusoidally with time. (reverse
direction)
Current
Applications
Let's say that you have a power plant that can produce 1
million watts of power.
One way to transmit that power would be to send 1 million
amps at 1 volt.
Another way to transmit it would be to send 1 amp at 1
million volts.
Sending 1 amp requires only a thin wire, and not much of
the power is lost to heat during transmission.
Sending 1 million amps would require a huge wire.
Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required
to move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts (V).
Mathematically,
vab dw / dq
(volt)
Voltage
Power
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression:
dw dw dq
p
vi
dt
dq dt
P = +vi
absorbing power
p = vi
supplying power
Examples:
(a) p= 4x3=12W
(b) p= 4x3=12W
Both are absorbing power as + current enters + terminal
(a) p= -4 x 3= - 12W
(b) p= -4 x 3 = -12W
Both are supplying power of 12w
Absorbing power of +12W is equivalent to a supplying
power of -12W.
p 0
Sums of power absorbed and supplied in a
circuit always equal to ZERO
Practice
Find the power absorbed by each element in the circuit below.
P (7 A) (7 A)(8V ) 56W
P (8V ) (2 A)(8V ) 16W
P (12V ) (5 A)(12V ) 60W
P (20V ) (8 A)(20V ) 160W
Pd (20V ) (20V )(0.25 *12 A) 60W , v x 12V
Circuit elements
Two types passive and active elements
Active is capable of generating energy
while a passive element is not.
Passive elements: resistors, capacitors
and inductors.
Active elements: generators, batteries and
amplifiers
a)
b)
c)
d)
Dependent sources
Resistance
Resistance (R) is the ability to resist current
Resistivity () is the measure of a material's
natural resistance to current flow. For a a wire
with length , cross-section area A then
Resistance unit is Ohm or
Resistivity unit is Ohm.meter or m
Wire gauge
Ohms Law
Ohms law states that the voltage across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current I
flowing through the resistor.
Mathematical expression for Ohms Law is as
follows:
v iR
Resistors
Ohms law
Current and voltage relationship for 2
linear resistor
Ohms law
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct
electric current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R and is
measured in mhos or siemens.
1 i
G
R v
The unit of conductance is mho , or siemens S
Power = VI = I2R = V2/R
Example
An electric iron draws 2 A at 120V. Find its
resistance.
Solution:
From Ohms law R = V/I= 120/2 = 60
Example
A wire is run across a 2000 ft span to a high
power lamp that draws 100 A. if 4 AWG wire
is used, how much power is dissipated( lost
or wasted) within the wire?