A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction

with another object, either concerning its movement, direction, or

geometrical construction. Whenever there is an interaction between two
objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction
ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a
result of an interaction. For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between
objects can be placed into two broad categories:
contact forces, and
forces resulting from action-at-a-distance
Contact forces are those types of forces that result when the two
interacting objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other.
Examples of contact forces include
frictional forces
tensional forces
normal forces
air resistance forces
applied forces
Action-at-a-distance forces are those types of forces that result even
when the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other,
yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation.
Examples of action-at-a-distance forces include gravitational forces. For
example, the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite
their large spatial separation. Even when your feet leave the earth and you

Gravitational force /Force of gravity

Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation states that every massive particle in
the universe attracts every other massive particle with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.
Mathematically this can be written as:

Where M1 and M2 are two masses and r is the distance between them.
G is called the universal gravitational constant of gravitation as is equal
to 6.67x10-11Nm2kg-2

Centripetal force
Center-seeking force exerted that allows an object to move in a curved path
by a force that acts towards the center. This can comes from
Pull of string
Gravity
Magnetism
Friction

If a mass is accelerating, it must have a force acting

it;
ac =on
centripetal
acceleration
centripetal Force, Fc =
mac = mv/r
(m/s)
v = velocity (m/s)
r = radius (m)
When centripetal force equals gravitational force the object stays in orbit
GmM/r = mvo/r

1. The source for the centripetal force in the solar system is the gravitational
force of the sun. Without the centripetal force from the sun the planets
would travel in a straight line. The velocity of the planets is high enough
so that they continuously accelerate towards the sun without ever leaving
their orbits. It is for this reason that the planets do not fall into the sun
from its strong gravitational force of attraction
2. Notice that the gravitational force is directly proportional to m 1. Thus, all
things being equal, a more massive planet would exert a larger
gravitational force than a smaller planet. Hence, youll be heavier on
Jupiter than here on Earth.
3. Notice that the gravitational force is also directly proportional to m 2. Thus,
all things being equal again, you would weigh more than a puppy.
4. Notice that the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of r.
Thus, all things being equal again, you would feel heavier on the surface
of the Earth than on say, a hot air balloon at high altitudes. Notice that
since F is inversely proportional to the square of r, F would vary rapidly for
a slight change in r. Thus, if you go even further from the Earths surface,
say on a satellite, F would decrease rapidly and even become negligible.

Gravitational force surrounds us. It is what decides how much we weigh and
how far a basketball will travel when thrown before it returns to the surface.
The gravitational force on Earth is equal to the force the Earth exerts on you.
At rest, on or near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational force equals
your weight. On a different astronomical body like Venus or the Moon, the
acceleration of gravity is different than on Earth, so if you were to stand on a
scale, it would show you that you weigh a different amount than on Earth.
In our day to day lives, we can measure the force of gravity. Its more familiar
term is weight. Thus, in most cases , your measured weight is actually a
measurement of the force of the Earths gravity on you. The heavier you are,
the greater is the force of gravity on you. There are exceptions, like when you
are
buoyed
up
by
a
fluid
but
that
is
for
another
text

If the gravitational pull of the Moon were the same over all parts of the Earth,
there would be no tides on the Earth. Tides are caused by the difference in
gravitational force from one part of the Earth to another.
Tides are caused by stretching, and stretching is caused not by the size of the
forces on an object, but by the difference in force from one part of the object
to another. For instance, the stretch of a rubber band doesn't depend on how
much force is exerted on the rubber band, but by the difference in force
between one side of the rubber band and the other.
The gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun is much greater than
the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon - after all, the Earth
orbits the Sun, not the Moon!
The Moon is much more effective than the Sun in raising tides on Earth
because, since the Moon is closer to the Earth, it causes more difference in
gravitational force from one part of the Earth to another than the Sun does.
Since the Sun exerts more gravitational force, it causes more acceleration of
the Earth, but since the Moon causes more difference in force, the Moon
causes more tidal stretching on the Earth


Difference between G and g?
G= universal gravitation constant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

gravitational constant
scalar quantity
Nm2kg-2
it cannot be 0
it is the same at every place on earth

g= accelaration due to gravity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

acceleration due to gravity....

vector quantity..
m/s2...
it can be 0 at the centre of the earth..
it is not the same in all places. it difers from place to place...

The force of gravity with which an object is attracted to the earth is

calculated as below.

where d represents the distance from the center of the object to the
center
of thewas
earth
andfor
m determining
represents the
object.
An
equation
given
themass
forceofofthe
gravity
(Fgrav) with which
an object of mass m was attracted to the earth and g is referred to as the
acceleration of gravity.
Fgrav = m*g
This leaves us with an equation for the acceleration of gravity.
The above equation demonstrates that the acceleration of gravity is dependent
upon the mass of the earth (approx. 5.98x1024 kg) and the distance (d) that an
object is from the center of the earth. If the value 6.38x10 6 m (a typical earth
radius value) is used for the distance from Earth's center, then g will be
calculated to be 9.8 m/s2. And of course, the value of g will change as an object
is moved further from Earth's center.

The table below shows the value of g at various locations from Earth's center.
Location

Distance from
Earth's center
(m)

Value of g
(m/s2)

Earth's surface

6.38 x 106 m

9.8

1000 km above
surface

7.38 x 106 m

7.33

Calculating g on Other Planets

The equation takes the following form:
Using this equation, the following acceleration of gravity values can be
calculated for the various planets.
Planet

Radius
(m)

Mass (kg)

g (m/s2)

Mercury

2.43 x 106

3.2 x 1023

3.61

Venus

6.073 x
106

4.88 x1024

8.83

23

A) Would a ball that is dropped by an astronaut and hits the surface of the
moon with a greater, equal, or lesser speed than that of a ball dropped the
same distance on earth?
B) Would it take the ball more, less, or equal time to fall?
A) v = (2 x g x h)^0,5
(^0,5 means the square root)
this is the formula that calculates the velocity (v) at which an object will hit
the ground when dropped from a certain height h)
On earth , g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2 that on the moon is about 1/6 of that. A
quick peak the formula will show you that on the moon it g is about a sixth so
v will always be less (h being equal). Basically objects dropped on the moon
do not accelerate as fast as they do on earth.
B) h = 0.5g x t^2 (that's the basic equation)
t^2 = h / 0.5g
since h = constant and g is different (g on the moon is 1/6 of g on earth)
If g is smaller on the moon, an object dropped from height h will take longer

Friction Force
The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves
across it or makes an effort to move across it. There are at least two types
of friction force - sliding and static friction. Thought it is not always
the case, the friction force often opposes the motion of an object. For
example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts
a friction force in the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from
the two surfaces being pressed together closely, causing intermolecular
attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces. As such, friction
depends upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which
they are pressed together. The maximum amount of friction force that a
surface can exert upon an object can be calculated using the formula
below:
Ffrict = Fnorm
, is the coefficient of friction, which is an empirical property of the
contacting materials, and Fnorm is the normal force exerted by each surface
on the other, directed perpendicular (normal) to the surface.
An example of static friction is the force that prevents a car wheel from
slipping as it rolls on the ground. Even though the wheel is in motion, the
patch of the tire in contact with the ground is stationary relative to the
ground, so it is static rather than kinetic friction.
Sliding (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to
each other and rub together (like a sled on the ground).

The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in
contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon
a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in
order to support the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is
exerted horizontally between two objects that are in contact with each
other. For instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes
horizontally
on the forces
person.
Action reaction
According to Newton's third law, for every action force there is an equal (in
size) and opposite (in direction) reaction force. Forces always come in pairs known as "action-reaction force pairs."For example, consider the interaction
between a baseball bat and a baseball.

The baseball forces the bat to the left; the bat forces the ball to the right.

Examples:
1.Baseball pushes glove leftwards.

2. Bowling ball pushes pin leftwards.

3. Enclosed air particles push balloon wall outwards.

4. Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The
wings of a bird push air downwards. Since forces result from mutual
interactions, the air must also be pushing the bird upwards. The size of the
force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the
force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird
(upwards).

5. While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and
makes a quite obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is a clear
case of Newton's third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits
the firefly. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the
force on the bus?

Answer: Each force is the same size. For every action, there is an equal ...
(equal!). The fact that the firefly splatters only means that with its smaller
mass, it is less able to withstand the larger acceleration resulting from the
interaction. Besides, fireflies have guts and bug guts have a tendency to be
splatterable. Windshields don't have guts.

5. In the top picture (below), Monir is pulling upon a rope that is attached to a
wall. In the bottom picture, Monir is pulling upon a rope that is attached to an
elephant. In each case, the force scale reads 500 Newton.Monir is pulling ...

a. with more force when the rope is attached to the wall.

b. with more force when the rope is attached to the elephant.
c. the same force in each case.
Answer: C
Monir is pulling with 500 N of force in each case. The rope transmits the force
from Monir to the wall (or to the elephant) and vice versa. Since the force of
Kent pulling on the wall and the wall pulling on Kent are action-reaction force
pairs, they must have equal magnitudes. Inanimate objects such as walls can

6. Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with
wheels that spin. As the wheels spin, they grip the road and push the road
backwards. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the road must also
be pushing the wheels forward. The size of the force on the road equals the
size of the force on the wheels (or car); the direction of the force on the road
(backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the wheels (forwards).
For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction)
reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for cars to move along a
roadway surface.

Brakes
A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits motion. Most commonly brakes
use friction to convert kinetic energy into heat, though other methods of
energy conversion may be employed. For example regenerative braking
converts much of the energy to electrical energy, which may be stored for
later use. Other methods convert kinetic energy into potential energy in such
stored forms as pressurized air or pressurized oil. Eddy current brakes use
magnetic fields to convert kinetic energy into electric current in the brake
disc, fin, or rail, which is converted into heat. Still other braking methods
even transform kinetic energy into different forms, for example by
transferring the energy to a rotating flywheel.
When the brake pedal of a modern vehicle with hydraulic brakes is pushed,
ultimately a piston pushes the brake pad against the brake disc which slows
the wheel down.

Lubrication
Lubrication is the process, or technique employed to reduce wear of one or
both surfaces in close proximity, and moving relative to each other, by
interposing a substance called lubricant between the surfaces to carry or to
help carry the load (pressure generated) between the opposing surfaces. The
interposed lubricant film can be a solid, (e.g. graphite, MoS 2)a solid/liquid
dispersion, a liquid, a liquid-liquid dispersion (a grease) or, exceptionally, a
gas.
The science of friction, lubrication and wear is called tribology.

Weightlessness
The phenomenon of "weightlessness" occurs when there is no force of
support on your body. When your body is effectively in "free fall",
accelerating downward at the acceleration of gravity, then you are not being
supported. The sensation of apparent weight comes from the support that
you feel from the floor, from the seat, etc. Different sensations of apparent
weight can occur on a roller-coaster or in an aircraft because they can
accelerate either upward or downward.

Spacecraft are held in orbit by the gravity of the planet which they are
orbiting. In Newtonian physics, the sensation of weightlessness experienced
by astronauts is not the result of there being zero gravitational acceleration
(as seen from the Earth), but of there being no g-force that an astronaut can
feel because of the free-fall condition, and also there being zero difference
between the acceleration of the spacecraft and the acceleration of the
astronaut. What's missing is "weight", the resistance of gravitational

The mass of an object is a fundamental property of the object; a numerical

measure of its inertia; a fundamental measure of the amount of matter in the
object.
The weight of an object is the force of gravity on the object and may be
defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg. Since the
weight is a force, its SI unit is the Newton.