Animal

Tissues
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Introduction

Any distinct type of material animal cells are made of, which
consists specialized cells and cellular products, which show
inflammation reaction to any infection or injury are known as
tissues. In animal organs are made up of four basic types
of tissues epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and
nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific
functions which combine to form functioning organs.

A tissue

is composed of cells that function together in a

specialized activity.
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 There are four types of tissues found in

an animal.
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
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1. Epithelial tissue
Forming tight covering and
protecting layers below

2. Connective tissue
Holding other tissues
together and are surrounded by
lots of nonliving material.
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3. Muscle tissue
Shortening and lengthening to
move other tissues.

4. Nervous tissue

Dendrites

Nucleus of
schwann cell
Layer of myelin

Allowing rapid flow of ionsNucleus

Cell body
in and out to conduct
Axon
signals
Myelin sheath

Axon

Node of ranvier
5 Terminal

knob

1.Epithelial tissues
Two types of epithelial tissues
1. Covering and lining epithelium ( outer layer of the
skin and some organs)
2. Glandular epithelium
( constitute the secreting portion of glands)

Epithelial tissues
There are three types of cells in epithelial tissues

1. Squamous thin flat cells

Form the lining of cavities
such as the mouth,
blood vessels, heart and
lungs and make up the outer layers of the skin

2. Cuboidal cells are roughly square

Each cell has a spherical nucleus
in the center
Found in glands and in the lining
of the kidney tubules

3.Columnar - elongated cells.

Nuclei are elongated and are
usually located near the base of the cells
Columnar epithelium forms the lining
of the stomach and intestines
Some columnar cells are specialized
for sensory reception such as in the
nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue

Epithelial tissues
Three types of cell layers exist in epithelium tissues

Epithelium
tissue

Simple
epithelium

Stratified
epithelium

Pseudo
epithelium
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CELL LAYERS
Simple

epithelium
made up of only one
cell layer
Pseudostratified

Stratified

epithelium
has more than a
single layer of cells

epithelium

madeupofcellsthatreachthebasementme
mbraneandappeartobestratifiedbecauset
heirnucleiareatdifferentlevels.
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Glandular epithelium
Glands are made up of single or a mass of epithelial
cells.
Two types of glands
1. Exocrine - Secrete their products in to ducts
Eg . Salivary glands and mammary glands
2. Endocrine - Secrete their products into blood
stream
Eg. Pancreas
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Functions of epithelial tissues

1. Provides physical protection
2. Controls permeability
3. Detects sensations (sight, smell , taste,
equilibrium)
4. Secretion of hormones into the blood vascular
system, and/or the secretion of sweat, mucus,
enzymes, and other products that are delivered
by ducts
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2. Connective tissue
Most abundant and most widely distributed
tissue in the body.
These tissues provide support for organs and the
body as a whole, protect and insulate internal
organs and compartmentalize structures such as
skeletal muscles, nerves.
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue is made up of cells, ground
substances and fibers. Ground substances together
with fibers make matrix.

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Connective tissue

There are 3 main types of connective tissue

Loose

Connective Tissue

Fibrous

Connective Tissue

Specialized
Adipose

Connective Tissues

Tissue (Fat)

Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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Loose Connective Tissue (LCT)

Fibroblasts

are separated by a collagen fibercontaining matrix

Collagen provides elasticity and flexibility
Occurs beneath epithelium in skin and many
internal organs
Forms a protective layer over muscle,
nerves and blood vessels

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Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT)

Consists

of many collagen fibers closely

packed together

Occurs

in tendons, connecting muscle to

bone
Make

up ligaments, connecting bone-tobone at a joint

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Adipose
Another

name for fat

Insulates

the body and

provides padding

Cells

sometimes
referred to as ghost
cells

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Cartilage
Soft
Structural

proteins deposited in the matrix

between cells

Forms

embryonic skeletons

Occurs

in mature human adults in ears, joints

and tip of nose

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Blood tissue
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes
carbon dioxide and other wastes
Blood cells are separated by plasma
Types red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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Bone tissue

Cells are called osteocytes

Hard
Calcium salts deposited in matrix
Proteins provide elasticity while minerals provide strength
Dense bone has osteocytes located in lacunae (Haversian
canals)
Spongy bone occurs at the end of bones and absorb stress
(two types; compact and spongy)
compact with osteons
spongy - no osteons

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Muscle Tissue
Facilitates

movement by contraction of
individual muscle cells referred to as
muscle fibers
Found only in members of the animal
kingdom
Three types:
Skeletal

(Striated)

Smooth
Cardiac
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 These cells have main properties

1. Excitability ( ability to respond to stimuli)
2. Contractibility (ability to contract)
3. Extensibility (ability to be stretched without
tearing)
4. Elasticity (ability to return to its normal shape)
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Muscular Tissue
Muscle tissue is classified into three types
(Cardiac, Skeletal and Smooth)

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Skeletal Muscle
Function

in conjunction with the

skeletal system in voluntary
muscle movement

Striated

with alternating bands at

right angles to the long axis of the
cell

The

bands are areas of actin and

myosin deposition

Striated,

voluntary, and
multinucleated

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Smooth Muscle
Lack

banding

Spindle

shaped cells that form masses

Function

in involuntary movements and/or

autonomic responses like breathing, secretion, etc.

Make

up structures in the digestive system,

reproductive tract and blood vessels

non-striated,

involuntary, and single nucleus

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Cardiac Muscle
Striated
Limited

to the heart

Cells

are forked, with nucleus

near the center

Cells

are connected together

by disks
Intercalated
striated,

disks

involuntary, and single

nucleus
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Nervous Tissue
Important

in the integration of stimulus

and control of the response to that
stimulus

Made

of nerve cells called neurons and

glial cells (helper cells)
Neurons

transmit nerve messages

Glial

cells are in direct contact with neurons

and often surround them
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The

neuron is the functional

unit of the nervous system
Variable in size and shape
Humans have about
100,000,000,000 (100 billion)
neurons in their brain! Wow!

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Nervous Tissue
Cells of nervous tissue have three principal parts
1. Dendrites
2. Cell body

Dendrites

3. Axon

Nucleus

Nucleus of
schwann cell
Layer of myelin

Axon
Cell body
Axon
Myelin sheath
Node of ranvier
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Terminal knob

Nervous Tissue
Neuroglial cells that do not transmit impulses but
instead support the activities of the neurons .
Schwann cells, a type in the peripheral nervous
system only in mammals.

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Animal Tissues
Epithelial

Muscular

Connective
Tendon

Squamous
Cuboidal

Areolar

Smooth

Adipose
Bone
Skeletal

Glandular
Fluid

Striated

Ligament

Columnar
Cilliated

Nervous

Cardiac

Cartilage
Blood
Lymph

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