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SYSTEMS
(REVISITED)
Chapter 3
intensity
Fat & proteins can also be used to generate Acetyl CoA: the universal
intermediary
Acetyl CoA feeds in to the Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle)
Produces 3 NADH & 1 FADH
These electron carriers then supply the Electron Transport Chain
ATP ADP + P
C C C C C C
2. Rearrange molecules
Isomerase
2. Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
ATP ADP + P
C C C C C C
GLYCOLYSIS: ENERGY
INVESTMENT PHASE
4.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 2x Glyceralderhyde-3-phosphate
Aldolase
C C C C C C
P
4. Split the 6C chain into 2 x 3C chains
GLYCOLYSIS: ENERGY
GENERATION PHASE
5.
6.
C C C
GLYCOLYSIS: ENERGY
GENERATION PHASE
7.
8.
LACTATE AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE
Recap: Why does lactate production become elevated?
High intensity exercise!
Glycolysis producing pyruvate faster than can be taken into oxidative metabolism
(Krebs cycle)
2. Fast twitch fibers are preferentially recruited
primarily glycolytic rather than aerobic fibers
3. Oxygen availability is lower than required by the ETC
Last cytochrome in ETC remains reduced ATP generation is capped
1.
LACTATE AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE
Cori Cycle: lactate is converted back in to glucose in the liver via
gluconeogenesis
TRIGLYCERIDES: ANOTHER
ENERGY SOURCE
without water
of 1 g of hydrated glycogen
This is likely why triglycerides are the major stored energy
source
Glycogen can supply ~24hrs of energy, whereas
FATTY ACIDS
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are separated from the glycerol molecule by the enzyme
BETA OXIDATION
-oxidation is the breakdown of FFAs into acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA will then be fed in to the Krebs Cycle
Occurs in the mitochondria
carbon
carbon
BETA OXIDATION
Example: palmitate is a 16C fatty acid chain
-oxidation will chop the 2 carbons from the carboxyl end of the
harvested
The 16C chain will give us 8 Acetyl CoA, 7 NADH & 7 FADH 2
molecules
A 18C chain will yield 9 Acetyl CoA, 8 NADH & 8 FADH 2 molecules
etc
carbon
carbon
mitochondria)
1.5 ATP / FADH2
2.5x7 + 1.5x7 = 28 ATP per 16C FFA
PROTEIN AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE
Not a primary energy source, but can be used when necessary
Before proteins can be used as an energy source, they first have to be
NH3 (ammonia, which is toxic) is converted to urea (much less toxic) or excreted
in urine
PROTEIN AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE
AAs can be converted to either
Acetyl CoA or some Krebs Cycle intermediary feed Krebs Cycle & aerobic
metabolism
During times of very high energy demand or when fuel resources are low
PROTEIN AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE
step
any energy producing
intermediaries (NADH /
FADH / ATP) also produced