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Making Sense of the World Around Us
Differences in Perception
Though differences are not always extreme, they
are ubiquitous
Differences exist even in simple perceptual tasks, and
the potential for difference only increases with
complexity
Why?
Seeing the world is not a matter of objective
observation. Perception is complex physical,
psychological, and social process influenced by a variety
of factors
So what is perception?
Perception: The social and cognitive process by which
individuals assign meaning to raw sense data (Trenholm)
Perception involves 3 sub-processes:
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
Selection
Selection what we attend to or choose to further processing
Selection is necessarywere exposed to more sensory info than we
can consciously process
Selection (and all stages of perception) is a combination of:
Voluntary elements (e.g. focus, motivation)
Involuntary elements (e.g. cognitive structure, socialization)
Individual differencese.g.,
priorities, values, cognitive
structure
Individual tendencies in selection are
largely based on learned behavior
Organization
Organization how we arrange or organize the info we
attend to (select). Typically there are multiple ways to
assemble information
More on Organization
We can consciously influence our
organizational processes:
Searching for a particular pattern
Interpretation
Interpretationhow we assign meaning to
what weve selected and organized
Attribution
Attribution (Kelly, 1967) inferences about people
based on behavior.
2 types
Internal (dispositional)behavior due to persons character
Person Perception
Implicit personality theories: attributes we think go together
Degree of involvement
Personality (e.g. cognitive complexity)
Past experience knowledge, reputation, primacy / recency
Empathy
May be overused